Overactive bladder (OAB) is a clinical diagnosis defined by the presence of urinary urgency with or without urgency urinary incontinence (UUI) and is often associated with frequency and nocturia. First-line treatment for OAB is behavioral and dietary modifications because they have minimal side effects and high potential benefits. There is evidence that diet can have a significant effect on the symptoms of OAB. This has led to increasing interest in characterizing the effect of specific dietary changes on OAB prevalence and severity. The aim of this paper is to review the specific nutritional factors that have been found to be associated with OAB and describe the relationship between OAB and diet-related medical conditions such as obesity and insulin resistance.

Patients with non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) are followed by frequent cystoscopies. Innovative approaches partly replacing cystoscopy (uncomfortable, expensive, low sensitive procedure) are demanded. The current study aims to establish a fast, reliable, non-invasive, and inexpensive procedure for NMIBC patient surveillance. Liquid biopsy is a reliable source of biomarkers for cancer patient monitoring. Urine is the most suitable biological liquid to search for bladder cancer biomarkers. Cell-free DNA in urine represents tumor-related mutations for several cancers, including the bladder. We investigated mutations in FGFR3, TERT promoter, and STAG2 as markers for diagnostics and follow-up in NMIBC. Digital PCR was used to detect mutations in urine-derived cell-free DNA. The sensitivity and specificity of the markers in relation to clinical outcomes served as criteria of the assay efficiency. The sensitivity with a single marker (TERT) reached 87%, with a specificity of 77%. Combining two biomarkers (TERT+FGFR3) increased the specificity of the assay to 100% with a sensitivity of 72%. Different mutational status of STAG2 can indicate NMIBC presence or recurrence. Therefore, applying the suggested combination of biomarkers with simple detection procedures to larger patient cohorts will allow developing procedures for BC detection and surveillance with optimal sensitivity and specificity. Based on the results of this proof-in-concept study, we conclude that this simple, fast and inexpensive assay can add diagnostic and prognostic value to cystoscopy/cytology analysis of NMIBC patients.

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receive NAC. Sites of recurrence were classified as urothelial (urethra, upper tract), pelvic, abdominal, thoracic, and other (soft tissue, bone, brain).RESULTS: A total of 1456 patients underwent RC for M0 MIBC during the time period of study, of whom 101 (6.94%) received NAC. Clinicopathologic characteristics are provided in the Table . Notably, patients treated with NAC were more likely to have higher pT stage (62.4% pT3/pT4 disease vs 46.6%; p ¼ 0.007) and positive soft tissue margins (4.0% vs 1.4%; p ¼ 0.05). Median follow-up after surgery was 9.5 years (IQR 5.4,15.6), during which time 614 patients experienced recurrence (64 in the NAC+RC cohort, 550 in the RC-alone group). Among patients who recurred, the median time to recurrence after NAC+RC was 5.6 months (IQR 3.1, 15.6), versus 10.7 months (IQR 5.5, 22.8) after RC alone (p ¼ 0.04). Patients with recurrence after NAC were equally likely to be diagnosed with multiple sites of metastases versus RC-only patients (60.9% versus 53.5%; p ¼ 0.50). Moreover, the location of initial recurrence did not differ significantly between patients treated with NAC+RC versus RC alone (summarized in Table ).CONCLUSIONS: Receipt of NAC does not appear to alter sitespecific patterns of recurrence among patients who experience relapse after RC. These data suggest that the NAC may not alter the biologic pathways of dissemination, and that similar postoperative oncologic surveillance may be applied after RC regardless of patients' prior receipt of NAC.