Schizophrenia (SCZ) is a complex psychiatric disorder of multifactorial origin, in which both genetic and environmental factors have an impact on its onset, course, and outcome. Large variability in response and tolerability of medication among individuals makes it difficult to predict the efficacy of a chosen therapeutic method and create universal and precise guidelines for treatment. Pharmacogenetic research allows for the identification of genetic polymorphisms associated with response to a chosen antipsychotic, thus allowing for a more effective and personal approach to treatment. This review focuses on three frequently prescribed second-generation antipsychotics (SGAs), risperidone, olanzapine, and aripiprazole, and aims to analyze the current state and future perspectives in research dedicated to identifying genetic factors associated with antipsychotic response. Multiple alleles of genes involved in pharmacokinetics (particularly isoenzymes of cytochrome P450), as well as variants of genes involved in dopamine, serotonin, and glutamate neurotransmission, have already been identified as ones of significant impact on antipsychotic response. It must, however, be noted that although currently obtained results are promising, trials with bigger study groups and unified protocols are crucial for standardizing methods and determining objective antipsychotic response status.
gene expression in response to specific external factors. DNA methylation is an example of such a mechanism. This work aims to review the current research regarding its potential role in the development, diagnosis, and treatment of schizophrenia. Review of the literature. This article reviews the literature related to the issue of DNA methylation in schizophrenia. Articles in English have been selected from the PubMed database, using the following search terms: "DNA methylation," "schizophrenia," and "markers." As the basis for further analysis, reviews devoted directly to epigenetic modifications, including DNA methylation, in schizophrenia, published between 2017 and 2022, were chosen from the results. A summary of the collected data is presented below. Conclusions. Characteristic changes in the methylation pattern of specific genes appear in tissues collected from patients with schizophrenia or from corresponding animal models. The goal of further research should be to create a database of specific DNA methylation patterns, the presence of which could act as a biomarker or an indicator of the effectiveness of a therapeutic process. It is crucial to standardise the genome methylation analysis system and to validate other tissues to be used as substitutes for the brain tissue.
StreSzczenieCel. Schizofrenia jest zaburzeniem neurorozwojowym, które wiąże się z deficytami w aspekcie poznawczym
Review article / Artykuł poglądowy
AbStrActObjective. Schizophrenia is a neurodevelopmental disorder associated with deficits in cognition, affect, and social functioning. Despite its high heritability, there are known external risk factors, the presence of which substantially increases the likelihood of developing schizophrenia. Epigenetic modifications seem to play a key role in the multifactorial pathogenesis of the disease, linking genetic and environmental components through mechanisms that cause reversible changes in
Introduction. It was established that intragestational depression is a common disease, with the estimated average prevalence of 10–25% in all expectant mothers worldwide. Aim of the study. The aim of the study was to evaluate the frequency of depressive symptoms in pregnant women in Poland and to identify which factors may be related to a higher risk of depressive symptoms during pregnancy. Material and methods. A prospective cross-sectional study was performed. Depressive symptoms were assessed with the validated Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS). 346 women were enrolled in the study. Results. 130 women (37.6%) scored 13 or more points and were considered as presenting with depressive symptoms. Independent risk factors of depressive symptoms during pregnancy including mood disorders diagnosed before the current pregnancy (aOR=2.68, 95%CI 1.37-5.22), mental disorders confirmed in family members (aOR=2.72, 95%CI 1.24-5.98), unhappiness in their current relationship (aOR=4.0, 95%CI 1.77-9.01), lack of support from family members (aOR=2.73, 95%CI 1.51-4.96) increased the risk of DS and good financial status decreased the risk of DS occurrence (aOR=0.45, 95%CI: 0.25-0.80). Conclusions. Pregnant women commonly report depressive symptoms. The evaluation of relations with the family members, socio-economic status, former depressive symptoms and possible prenatal depression are essential for proper screening of depression in pregnant women.
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