This article systematizes main factors of socio-economic insecurity aggravation for employees during structural transformations, which take place on the modern labor market. These factors are related to inefficient employment and low level of labor productivity, regressive mobility of the employed population, loss of educational and labor potential of the country, low competitiveness of its labor force both in domestic and foreign labor markets, increase of unemployment among able-bodied people and informal employment, especially among young people and higher-level professionals, widening the gender gap in the employment structure to the benefit of older age groups. A methodological implementation of the assessments of social and economic insecurity risks for employees has been developed and verified in the study. It is based on comparing performance levels in particular components in specific time intervals. It is substantiated that, due to changes in the structure of the labor market and in the system of social and labor relations, the main factors of increasing the vulnerability of employees are related to the deindustrialization of the national economy, which is accompanied by formation of a regressive educational and professional structure of employed, as well as by the loss of motivation for productive work and increase in the professional level, reduction of social protection of employees, the growth of informal employment among young people and highly qualified specialists. High scale of labor migration and low demand for specialists in the internal labor market, low wages lead to loss of labor and educational potential and narrow the conditions for the development and realization of the country’s human capital.
The purpose of the paper is to identify contradictions in the social and economic field in the process of achieving social justice and economic efficiency. Methodology. Methods of induction and deduction are used to determine the causal relationships; a systematic approach is applied to study research objects; abstract and logical methods of analysis, comparison and generalization allowed us to characterize the existing level of social injustice peculiar to the Ukrainian labour market. The results of the study are identified: manifestations of social injustice in Ukraine related to gender inequality in wages and different employment opportunities, income disparities in various sectors and regions, an increase in the gap between the income of rich and poor people, inconsistency between compensations for adverse working conditions and necessary expenses for labour rehabilitation, legal insecurity in informal, incomplete, and flexible forms of employment. Conclusions are made about their influence on the general situation on the labour market. Practical implications. To eliminate social inequality and injustice, ensure observance of labour rights and privileges, and create high social standards it is recommended to develop youth entrepreneurship programs; to provide free legal and informational support at the stage of opening own businesses and preferential lending and taxation in order to minimize youth unemployment; to develop a social unified agreement binding upon the execution of any work or provision of services to protect all participants in the social dialogue of the flexible and informal labour markets; to develop gender-sensitive personnel policies at all enterprises and organizations, to eliminate pay disparities, to develop state programs of promoting gender equality among legislators and senior officials to achieve gender equality; to attract the unemployed and economically inactive population for the growth of the labour potential of the country, which requires providing decent living conditions and remuneration to internally displaced persons, necessary working space for people with disabilities, creating a system of quality social care services for the elderly, sick and children with decent conditions and affordable services to people who receive social benefits in order to release the able-bodied population engaged in caring for relatives. Value/originality. The value of the research is the established facts of violations of human dignity and social injustice on the modern labour market and suggested recommendations for the elimination or minimization of them.
The full-scale military aggression against Ukraine led to a massive disruption of value chains, a reduction of jobs, rising unemployment and labor emigration. Legislative initiatives to counteract the socio-economic consequences of the war are insufficiently effective. The purpose of the article is to evaluate the changes in labor and tax legislation during the martial law and to determine the prospects for its improvement. It was found that changes in labor legislation in Ukraine are based on the ideology of neoliberalism, mainly reflect the interests of employers and significantly limit the rights of employees. This increases the risks of the destruction of established institutions of social and labor relations, the losses from which, by analogy with the Syrian conflict, may exceed the losses from the destruction of physical capital. Directions for improving the legislation are proposed, special attention is paid to the rules on the suspension of the employment contract. It is emphasized the need to find a new format of interaction between the state and institutions of the labor sphere, appropriate adaptation of social and labor relations, using the possibilities of digitalization. The impact of changes in tax legislation on employment is analyzed. It was established that the policy of supporting the economy, the key instrument of which is tax benefits, does not sufficiently contribute to the preservation of employment. Based on the study of the international experience of combating economic shocks, a vision of a policy to support the economy is proposed, which should combine measures to preserve jobs, benefits for subjects of economic activity, and liquidity support. The international experience of implementing job preservation schemes, which in EU countries have become one of the main tools for business support during the COVID-19 pandemic, is considered. Conclusions about the relevance of researching the possibilities of their use in Ukraine with the involvement of EU funds were made. Appropriate proposals for authorities have been formulated.
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