Previous studies have shown that polyphenol consumption enhances recovery of the muscle after exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD). However, EIMD markers have not been studied by sport type. The main aim of this research was to perform a systematic review to determine the efficacy of polyphenolic consumption in increasing muscle recovery for performing team sport skills. Eligible studies included, following PICOS structure, presented at least one of the following outcomes: maximal isometric voluntary contraction (MVIC); countermovement jump (CMJ); delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS); 20 m sprint test; creatine kinase (CK); and C-reactive protein (hsCRP). A structured search was carried out following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. The risk of bias was assessed using the PEDro scale tool. The review showed a possibly positive impact of polyphenol consumption on recovery after EIMD in team sports athletes. No differences were found between sexes. Considering the limitations, there is moderate to very low certainty of polyphenol supplementation effects on recovery of team sport females and males. A dose of 60 mL/day, divided into two times per day, ingested for >7 days may present positive effects on muscle function and muscle soreness in team sport athletes. However, further investigation is required, specifically in females.
Lifestyle has changed in the last century increasingly promoting sedentary behaviors. Prolonged sitting time is related to increased all-cause mortality risk. Therefore, scientific research aimed at understanding the effects of sitting on health has increased to find effective interventions that can be carried out in life domains (study, work, transport, and free time). The interaction between physical activity and sitting time plays a key role in the development of strategies to promote physical activity practice and reduce sedentary behavior. Accepting that the modern societies incite to spend long periods seated, the aim seems to find a balance between all the areas during the 24 h of the day. Maintaining sleep time, reducing screen leisure time to 3 h/day, and breaking prolonged sedentary time for 2–3 min every 30 min-1 h of sitting, as well as reaching the physical activity recommendation may help counteract the potential negative effect of too much sitting time. Governments must provide active free time options to promote active leisure time and help reduce screen time. At workplaces, managers and companies should encourage sitting breaks and work standing options, and for the special population such as children or older adults, new strategies must be considered to reduce sitting time.
The present thesis analyzes the effect of sedentary behavior (SB) and fitness level on the Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQoL) in older adults. The work is framed within the EXERNET project. This doctoral thesis examines the influences of SB and fitness on HRQoL with 2 different perspectives: cross-sectional and longitudinal. The EXERNET study began in 2008 as a cross-sectional research to study physical condition and body composition in older adults. In 2012, the project was prolonged and a longitudinal study was carried out. Therefore, 3 different studies are included in this thesis. The first study is a descriptive analysis of the fitness changes occurred between the two phases of the study in those subjects who could be recuperated. A total sample of 1,064 was included in this study. The second study consisted in a cross-sectional research with the initial sample at phase one about the effects of SB and fitness on HRQoL. A total of 3,136 individuals from different regions of Spain were included in this study. The third study analyzes the effects of variations in SB in the period between both phases, by different fitness levels, on the HRQoL. This study includes 1,064 subjects. The main findings of this thesis are: 1) Physical capacities involute differently over time. To remain active could contribute in maintaining or reducing the decline in fitness level during a 4-year period of time in older adults. 2) Higher sitting time seems to be related to poorer scores in HRQoL tests in older adults. High levels of fitness may help attenuating the negative effects of sitting time in the subjective perception of HRQoL. Thus, sitting time is negative related to quality of life in general but more specifically in subjects with low a fitness levels. 3) Independently from fitness, a reduction of the total sitting in a 4-year period could lead to greater HRQoL in older adults. High fitness levels were also related to greater HRQoL. More longitudinal studies that help clarifying the interaction between SB and fitness are needed, especially in older adults due to the tendency of this sector of the population to high levels of sedentary time and low fitness.
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