Комплексный подход к оценке биодеструктивных факторов при освоении подземного пространства 1 190031, Санкт-Петербург, Московский пр.,9, ПГУПС (кафедра «Техносферная и экологическая безопасность», пом. 2-408).Интернет-журнал «НАУКОВЕДЕНИЕ» http://naukovedenie.ru Том 7, №1 (январь -февраль 2015) publishing@naukovedenie.ru 2 http://naukovedenie.ru 103TVN115 Аннотация. В современном мире из-за высокой степени урбанизации, быстрого роста транспортных средств, недостатка территории большинство крупных городов мира активно использует подземное пространство. Для подземных работ характерны специфические вредные производственные факторы. В статье рассматриваются вредные производственные факторы -биологические, действующие на работников подземных объектов. Представлено исследование влияния факторов риска производственной среды на здоровье человека. Описан эксперимент по изучению микроскопических грибов, представляющих опасность для контактирующих лиц и участвующих в биодеструкции объектов подземного пространства Санкт-Петербурга. Определен видовой состав микромицетов, встречающихся в подземных транспортных тоннелях Санкт-Петербурга, установлен процент пораженности идентифицированными микроскопическими грибами исследуемых участков. Рассмотрены причины биоповреждений различных материалов и конструкций. Приводятся данные исследования воздушной среды объекта на наличие мелкодисперсной пыли, представлены данные замеров концентрации мелких взвешенных частиц в воздухе рабочей зоны. Установлена зависимость между колониеобразующими единицами грибов и концентрацией частиц пыли. Проанализированы причины неэффективной борьбы с биологическими агентами. Предложена усовершенствованная схема мероприятий по борьбе с биодеструкцией, комплексный подход к оценке биологических факторов на основе изучения агрессивного воздействия микромицетов на объекты.Ключевые слова: подземные объекты; охрана труда; биологические факторы; биодеструкция; микромицеты; мелкодисперсная пыль; комплексный подход. Ссылка для цитирования этой статьи:Копытенкова О.И., Шилова Е.А., Сазонова А.М. Комплексный подход к оценке биодеструктивных факторов при освоении подземного пространства // Интернет-журнал «НАУКОВЕДЕНИЕ» Том 7, №1 (2015) http://naukovedenie.ru/PDF/103TVN115.pdf (доступ свободный). Загл. с экрана. Яз. рус., англ. DOI: 10.15862/103TVN115Интернет-журнал «НАУКОВЕДЕНИЕ» http://naukovedenie.ru Том 7, №1 (январь -февраль 2015) publishing@naukovedenie.ru 3 http://naukovedenie.ru 103TVN115 Введение В процессе трудовой деятельности на работников действует ряд вредных и опасных факторов. Факторы, определяющие условия труда на рабочем месте можно условно разбить на группы (Рис. 1). Рис. 1. Факторы, определяющие условия труда на рабочем месте (составлено авторами)Среди перечисленных вредных производственных факторов особое место занимают биологические. Под биологическими факторами необходимо понимать совокупность биологических агентов (в т.ч. макро-и микроорганизмов), продукты их метаболизма, а также продукты биологического синтеза, которые при воздействии на ор...
Introduction.The results of the study of the working area air during thermal insulation works are presented.The aim of the studywas to assess the health risk of workers in the construction industry and exposed to fine dust.Materials and methods.The number of dust particles of different dispersion in the air of the working area in the implementation of thermal insulation works is determined.Results.It is established that the working conditions during the thermal insulation works in accordance with the current regulatory documentation are classified as harmful 3 class 2 degree. Harmful factor of the production environment is dust (including PM10and fine PM2,5) in air of working zone (3.2). The air quality of the working area indicates a long stay of fine dust in the air over the territory of the construction site. Dust of different dispersed composition was found in the air of the working area during thermal insulation works. Th e dust concentration is more than 10 μm was 8.2±1.3 mg/m3, PM10and 1.8±0.4 mg/m3, PM2,5–1,25±0,2 mg/m3.Conclusions.The results obtained in the experiment make it possible to determine the safe duration of the working experience underthe influence of a harmful factor of the working environment (in terms of the permissible health risk) with different duration ofcontact with it during the day.
Aim. To develop the rapid method for cardiovascular diseases risk assessment among employees exposed to mineral wool fine dusts. Methods. Concentrations of particles smaller than 10 and 2.5 μm were measured in the air of mineral wools producing working area using «OMPN-10.0» dust meter. The mass fraction of heavy metals in mineral wools was calculated by atomic absorption method. Statistical analysis of 40 out-patient charts data and discharge summaries of occupational diseases department was performed. Cardiovascular risk mathematical model parameters were calculated using SPSS Statistica 17.0 software package. Results. Dust concentration in the air of working area where mineral wools are used was 8.2±1.3 mg/m3, including 1.8±0.4 mg/m3 of particles smaller than 10 μm and 1.25±0.3 mg/m3 of particles smaller than 2.5 μm. Heavy metal compounds, such as Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, Ni, were revealed in the dust. Relation between the cardiovascular risk and duration of service in unfavorable environmental conditions and hygienic standards overage ratio was established. The risk for a disease for workers with term of service of 4 years was assessed as high, with term of service of 14 years - as extra-high. Conclusion. Results showing the dependence of cardiovascular risk on contact with mineral wool fine dust and length of service and hygienic standards overage ratio can be used as an express cardiovascular risk assessment method in employees exposed to mineral wool fine dusts with the particles size smaller than 10 and 2.5 μm.
Introduction. The most important external sources of excessive noise levels on the territories of residential development are transportation sources (road, rail, aviation). The aim of the present study is the hygienic assessment of the acoustic situation in the areas in the zone of influence of traffic flows and currently used measures to reduce the excess acoustic impact on residential premises. Material and methods. The studies were carried out on the territories along the roads and Railways, with different intensity of traffic flows in accordance with GOST 23337-2014 Noise. Methods of noise measurement in residential areas and in the premises of residential and public buildings, MUK 4.3.2194-07 “Methods of noise measurement in residential areas and in the premises of residential and public buildings.” Experimental studies of materials used for the construction of acoustic screens were carried out. Here were investigated window units were used to reduce external noise in the house. Sound pressure levels in octave bands (dB) and sound levels (dBA) in the sound-measuring reverberation chamber were measured in accordance with GOST 27296-2012. Results. Exceeding the permissible equivalent noise levels at a distance from 2 to 7.5 m from the roadway of vehicles in the daytime reaches 25-32 dBA. Noise from railway transport at a distance of 25 m from the source in terms of the equivalent sound level for freight transport is of 77 dBA, maximum - 83 dBA; for cargo transport, Sapsan, Lastochka, Allegro identical data were obtained; for passenger trains, the equivalent sound level accounted for 71 dBA, for electric trains - 66-69 dBA. Exceeding the standards for octave frequencies were most often observed at low frequencies from 31.5 to 500 Hz. The air noise insulation index (dB) is higher for the concrete and wood chips material, i.e. the material with higher density. The study of the parameters of the window blocks allowed us to establish all the studied samples to provide a reduction in the equivalent noise level by more than 20 dBA, but differ in the spectral characteristics of noise damping. Conclusion. Traffic flows create excessive noise levels in urban and rural settlements and impair the quality of life of the population. The effectiveness of existing measures aimed to mitigating noise in the source of generation by both road and rail transport has been exhausted. Acoustic screens in high-rise buildings have very limited efficiency. An option to reduce the adverse impact of external noise on public health is the construction of buildings protected from noise. Placement of buildings along the linear objects of road and rail transport should be provided at the stage of planning of quarters, the construction of such buildings should be carried out on special projects. When designing and building, special attention should be paid to the window units used and the quality of their installation. Window blocks should be selected on the basis of frequency characteristics of noise attenuation.
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