IntroductionQuality of care could be influenced by individual socio-economic status (SES) and by residential area deprivation. The objective is to synthesize the current evidence regarding inequalities in health care for patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus (Type 2 DM).MethodsThe systematic review focuses on inequalities concerning process (e.g. measurement of HbA1c, i.e. glycolised haemoglobin) and intermediate outcome indicators (e.g. HbA1c level) of Type 2 diabetes care. In total, of n = 886 publications screened, n = 21 met the inclusion criteria.ResultsA wide variety of definitions for ‘good quality diabetes care’, regional deprivation and individual SES was observed. Despite differences in research approaches, there is a trend towards worse health care for patients with low SES, concerning both process of care and intermediate outcome indicators. Patients living in deprived areas less often achieve glycaemic control targets, tend to have higher blood pressure (BP) and worse lipid profile control.ConclusionThe available evidence clearly points to the fact that socio-economic inequalities in diabetes care do exist. Low individual SES and residential area deprivation are often associated with worse process indicators and worse intermediate outcomes, resulting in higher risks of microvascular and macrovascular complications. These inequalities exist across different health care systems. Recommendations for further research are provided.
The development of new software to improve the operation of modernised and developed technological facilities in different sectors of the national economy requires a systematic approach. For example, the use of video recording systems obtained during operations with the use of endoscopic equipment allows monitoring the work of doctors. Minor change of the used software allows using additionally processed video fragments for creation of training complexes. The authors of the present article took part in the development of many educational software and hardware systems. The first such system was the “Contact” system, developed in the eighties of the last century at Riga Polytechnic Institute. Later on, car simulators, air plan simulators, walking excavator simulators and the optical software-hardware training system “Three-Dimensional Medical Atlas” were developed. Analysis of various simulators and training systems showed that the computers used in them could not by themselves be a learning system. When creating a learning system, many factors must be considered so that the student does not receive false skills. The goal of the study is to analyse the training systems created for the professional training of medical personnel working with endoscopic equipment, in particular, with equipment equipped with 3D indicators.
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