La llegada de la pandemia de la COVID-19 tuvo un impacto económico sin precedentes en la mayor parte de las economías desarrolladas del planeta. En España, el Producto Interior Bruto (PIB) se redujo más de un 17 % en un trimestre y muchos hogares sufrieron pérdidas de ingresos. El objetivo de este trabajo es medir la dimensión y distribución de esas pérdidas evaluando los cambios en la desigualdad y la pobreza y valorando la capacidad de las políticas públicas para mantener la cohesión social. Los resultados apuntan a que el aumento de la desigualdad ha sido menor que el de la tasa de riesgo de pobreza, que creció más en hogares jóvenes con un solo perceptor de ingresos.
Durante las últimas décadas se han registrado importantes cambios demográficos y socioeconómicos en los países industrializados que han aumentado notablemente el riesgo de vulnerabilidad y de pobreza de las generaciones más jóvenes. El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar qué papel desempeñan las políticas públicas en España en la lucha contra las desigualdades por cohortes de edad en un contexto comparado. Este análisis nos permitirá identificar cómo debemos avanzar en el diseño de políticas públicas que propicien un cambio de tendencia y mejoren la cohesión social desde un punto de vista intergeneracional.
This paper examines the extent and persistence of relative child poverty in Spain making use of the available cross-sectional and longitudinal microdata on households. The cross-sectional evidence analyzed covers the period from the end of the Franco era to the beginning of the 1990s. The longitudinal analysis focuses only on the more recent 1985-95 period. The analysis shows that despite the fact that a major socioeconomic transformation took place in Spain and the population poverty rate significantly decreased in the period, the extent of child poverty over the period did not experience any significant change. Children living in households with 3 or more children with other dependent adults face one of the highest poverty risks, the highest rate of inflow into poverty and the lowest rate of outflow from poverty. The risk of poverty and of persistent poverty for a child in lone and single parent families is also higher than that of households headed by couples. It seems that young unemployed parents or elderly retired grandparents with a low level of education impose onto children a higher risk of poverty and of persistent poverty In contrast, children in single parent households have a higher risk of suffering income instability However, all child poverty risks are substantially reduced with the presence of other non dependent adults. Their role is one of protection against poverty risks for households out of poverty. Thus, the presence in the household of some employed adults is acting as a safety net for low income families.
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