Taken together, these data indicate that endogenous GLP-1 system is activated during sepsis. Patients with T2D display an enhanced and prolonged activation as compared to nondiabetic patients. Extreme early increased GLP-1 levels during sepsis indicate poor prognosis.

The results show that ERK and JNK activity reflects disease activity in patients with SLE. These MAP kinases may serve as additional tools for the evaluation of disease activity and management of these patients.

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CD of the terminal ileum is associated with enhanced glucose-dependent GLP-1 secretion, which is unrelated to disease activity or ileal resection.

Patients with both T1DM and asthma display a different pattern of IL-12 and IL-18 expression compared to patients with one disease only and controls.

These data suggest that constitutive aberrant expression of PARP-1 and RasGRP-1 ratio may act in concert to impair survival of lymphocytes in SLE patients.

CPE is an aqueous extract of the edible micro alga Chlorella pyrenoidosa, which has been shown to have immunostimulatory effects in vivo. In the present study, CPE was evaluated for an ability to stimulate cytokine production by human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). PBMC from healthy individuals were treated ex vivo for 24 hours with 1, 10 and 100 microg/mL CPE. This resulted in a marked increase in the level of IL-10, a regulatory cytokine, and strong stimulation of the T-helper-1 (Th1) cell cytokines, IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha. In contrast, stimulation of representative T-helper-2 (Th2) cell cytokines, IL-4 and IL-13, was minor. CPE (1, 10 or 100 microg/mL) did not cause a proliferation of human PBMC suggesting that enhanced secretion of cytokines was not secondary to an increase in cell number. We conclude that CPE stimulation of human PBMC induces a Th1-patterned cytokine response and a strong anti-inflammatory regulatory cytokine response, observations that await confirmation in vivo.