Lay participation is an indicator of a democratic society. This article analyzes some traditional forms of lay participation in criminal proceedings, in particular, the Schöffen courts in Germany and jury trials in the UK, e.g., the main competencies of people's judges, staffing rules, etc. The author highlighted some general and special disadvantages, as well as those associated with the application of these forms in Russian criminal trials. The diachronic analysis of courts with people's assessors and jury courts revealed a number of differences and similarities. In Russia, Schöffen courts took place during the reign of Catherine the Great, as well as in the Soviet period; jurors participated in criminal trials in the second half of the XIX century and still do. The article also describes the current domestic legislation on lay participation in judicial proceedings.
This research featured the origin, formation, and development of the institute of defence attorneys in Russia. The methodology was based on the classical principles of historicism and objectivity. Comparative-historical and chronological methods made it possible to reproduce a retrospective analysis of the development of the Institute of defence attorneys. The formal-legal method helped to clarify its legal basis. The authors studied normative legal acts and monuments of law, as well as scientific publications, monographs, and dissertations related to the history of the Bar in Russia. The institute of defence attorneys proved to have a long history, from the first legal representatives of the XV century to the first Russian Bar in the second half of the XIX century, the Soviet Bar, and the contemporary Bar. At each stage, the Russian Bar had its own specific features. For instance, the term "lawyer" was not used in the pre-revolutionary period. The Judicial Statutes of 1864 included the term "sworn attorney". During the Soviet period, lawyers were called "defenders". Their function was quite formal: to represent the general principles of Soviet legislation rather than to defend the interests of the client. The contemporary law on legal practice and defence defines the terminology and regulates the legal status of an attorney. The paper also introduces an analysis of the forms of Bars in Russia and their main functions. The Institute of defence attorneys provides qualified legal assistance to the population, which makes the review quite relevant.
The information about the habitats of the rare relict species Chara strigosa A. Braun is updated. The data on the state of the population and the phytocenotic role of the species in the composition of the vegetation coverof lakes are presented.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.