This paper reviews the most recent literature on experiments with different Machine Learning, Deep Learning and Natural Language Processing techniques applied to predict judicial and administrative decisions. Among the most outstanding findings, we have that the most used data mining techniques are Support Vector Machine (SVM), K Nearest Neighbours (K-NN) and Random Forest (RF), and in terms of the most used deep learning techniques, we found Long-Term Memory (LSTM) and transformers such as BERT. An important finding in the papers reviewed was that the use of machine learning techniques has prevailed over those of deep learning. Regarding the place of origin of the research carried out, we found that 64% of the works belong to studies carried out in English-speaking countries, 8% in Portuguese and 28% in other languages (such as German, Chinese, Turkish, Spanish, etc.). Very few works of this type have been carried out in Spanish-speaking countries. The classification criteria of the works have been based, on the one hand, on the identification of the classifiers used to predict situations (or events with legal interference) or judicial decisions and, on the other hand, on the application of classifiers to the phenomena regulated by the different branches of law: criminal, constitutional, human rights, administrative, intellectual property, family law, tax law and others. The corpus size analyzed in the reviewed works reached 100,000 documents in 2020. Finally, another important finding lies in the accuracy of these predictive techniques, reaching predictions of over 60% in different branches of law.
La enseñanza virtual del Derecho genera retos y desafíos para los docentes y estudi- antes. La crisis mundial provocada por la pandemia del Covid-19 ha obligado a las instituciones educativas a virtualizar el servicio educativo rompiendo el paradigma de las clases presencia- les. Hay una necesidad de que tanto docente como universidad se esfuercen en aplicar metod- ologías que incluyan el uso de las herramientas virtuales, uso de redes y propiciar el trabajo colaborativo para disminuir la incidencia de frustración o desmotivación del estudiante. La capacitación y formación docente es un elemento clave en el éxito de las clases virtuales.
El presente artículo plantea una reflexión sobre el devenir de la cláusula penal, sus funciones, su utilidad y su vigencia. Con ayuda de los métodos descriptivo, hermenéutico-jurídico y comparado, realizamos una revisión de la normativa nacional y extranjera, acerca de la intangibilidad del contrato, la facultad moderadora de los jueces y la intervención legislativa en la reducción de la cláusula penal, como medida temporal como consecuencia de la crisis sanitaria.
Este artículo busca identificar los criterios aplicados por la autoridad administrativa que determinan la incorporación de condiciones generales en los contratos financieros celebrados con consumidores. La aprobación administrativa previa del condicionado general se orienta a minimizar los riesgos de inclusión de cláusulas abusivas y a restablecer el equilibrio contractual. Se utiliza una metodología hermenéutico-sintética para la interpretación y el análisis de las resoluciones administrativas emitidas por la autoridad competente. El desarrollo de la investigación arroja que la multiplicidad de criterios jurisprudenciales aplicados a diferentes contratos sujetos a supervisión denota la necesidad de sistematizarlos a fin de garantizar la predictibilidad tanto para el administrado como para el órgano administrativo.
In the following text, the authors address the origins and evolution of consumer protection in Peru, as well as highlighting the main regulatory influences of the current 2010 Consumer Protection and Defence Code with regard to consumer sales (defective products), and the regime of abusive clauses, to which is added a reference to protection of personal data.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.