Summary The article deals with the phonetic and orthographic adaptation of Latin terms in English clinical terminology in the context of Latin terminological competence formation of foreign medical students with English as the language of instruction. About 8,000 of the most common clinical terms selected from various lexicographic English sources have been studied on the basis of etymological and comparative approaches to demonstrate the grade of inconsistency in the reflection of Latin terms in modern English medical terminology. The quantitative analysis allowed us to determine and classify the main tendencies in the process of phonetic and orthographic development of Latin terms: (1) imitation of classical Latin spelling; (2) ‘simplification’ of classical Latin spelling; (3) syncretism of the first and second tendencies (parallel use of classical Latin and ‘simplified’ variants as synonyms). The analysis has also identified in some cases the phenomenon of ‘hypercorrectness’. The lack of a unified norm is reflected in all the analyzed reference sources, complicating the lexicographic description of medical terms as well as the process of teaching / learning the medical terminology. The proposed solution is to develop and implement some unified criteria for phonetic and orthographic adaptation of Latin terms in English. The possible ways to solve the problem are either to adhere to the etymological principle, returning ad fontes of medical terminology, and to use only non-monophthongized and non-simplified forms or to use monophthongized and phonetically and graphically simplified forms following the norms of modern English. Consistent adherence to one system of rules for the development of Latin terms is a needed requirement for the proper formation of terminological competence in medical students and correct use of terminology in their further professional activity.
The results of ancient Greek phraseological units study, which represent the emotional and evaluative characteristics of different professions and activities by ancient Greeks, are presented. 138 ancient Greek phraseological units were analyzed, which include lexemes of the semantic field "professions and activities" (in particular, those that denote the object, result, tool, place of (professional) activity, as well as people's proper names – representatives of a profession that have become a precedent). The lexemes of the semantic subgroups "musical art", "judiciary", "poetic art" have been found to have the highest phraseological productivity, "military affairs", "philosophy", "criminal activity", "medicine" and "sports" have the lowest one. It is important to emphasize that the core lexemes in the analyzed proverbs do not have an evaluative component in their semantics, but in the structure of phraseological units represent a socially fixed assessment or certain social stereotypes due to previous historical experience and cultural preconditions. Quite often stereotypical ideas of the ancient Greek linguistic and cultural community about the representatives of a certain profession or type of activity and their assessment depending on their place of residence or origin are verbalized in phraseological units. Quantitative analysis of phraseological units by type of axiological component revealed a significant advantage of proverbs with a negative connotation over positively or neutrally marked units. Professions and activities in the ancient Greek proverbs are evaluated in two aspects: the relationship between the subject and activity (matching skills, abilities of the subject of activity, effectiveness and benefit to society from the work performed) and personal characteristics of the subject of activity those that are associated in ethnic consciousness with representatives of certain professions and activities, that affect the quality and performance of work (such as mental abilities, taciturnity, truthfulness, ambition, greed, etc.).
Ac t a L i ng u i st ic a L it hu a n ic a L X X X V I NATALIIA KOROLOVA Educ at ion a l a nd S c ient i f ic I n st it ute of Ph i lolog y of Ta r a s Shevchen ko Nat ion a l Un iver sit y of Ky iv ORCI D id: orc id.
The article presents the results of a study of Latin inscriptions on paintings and engravings of the Vanitas genre. The sources of borrowing citations, their functional-semantic and linguistic load are analysed. The research proves that texts in Latin are an integral part of paintings and engravings of the Vanitas genre, and their use is conditioned by the specifics of the origin and historical development of the genre. The analysis of Latin inscriptions helps form a generalised vision and perception of the world's vanity, the transience of life, and the inevitability of death, which is laid down by artists in their works. The contemplation of such works is designed to inspire viewers with the idea that everything that surrounds and accompanies a person in this life is vanity. Also, there is a significant difference between the death of a person who lives righteously and the death of a sinner. The artists used Latin quotes from various sources to enhance their influence on the audience (the quotes from the Bible and works of ancient authors). Quotes from the works of contemporaries are used less frequently. Artists were relatively free with the quoted phrases: they shortened, supplemented, and combined expressions.
The article is devoted to the study of peculiarities of persuasiveness expression in the Demosthenes’ speeches on the material of the first and second Philippics. The analysis of the text of these speeches made it possible to distinguish a number of linguistic and rhetorical means used by the author to increase the level of persuasiveness of the speeches. In particular, emphasis is placed on the Demosthenes’ usage of numerous particles and conjunctions (with different meanings: conditionality, amplification, negation and opposition), syntactic constructions (Genetivus absolutus, Accusativus / Nominativus cum infinitivo), emphatic usage of the personal pronoun in the first person. The rhetorical techniques by which the speaker convinces the audience are identified and commented upon: alternation of direct and impersonal appeals to the audience; paradox, hyperbole, metaphor, erothema, antithesis, rhetorical question, as well as syntactic and semantic pleonasm. Demosthenes combines different principles according to Aristotelian categories of logos (logical reasoning and sequences, calculations of costs), ethos (oaths to Zeus, gods; usage of one’s authority for persuasion; emphasis on service to the common good as the main principle) and pathos (pathetic, sometimes even angry appeals; appeal to strong emotions of listeners).
The article focuses on the Language Pedagogy research conducted at the Institute of Philology, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. In particular, it gives an overview of the publications as well as the doctoral theses defended at the above-mentioned university within 2014-2019. The research areas cover from teaching classical languages at university to teaching Germanic languages or Translation at both secondary and tertiary schools. The variety of the topics discussed and research problems solved is a perfect indication of the necessity and urgency of Language Pedagogy in Ukraine.
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