Through legal hermeneutics, the article analyzes the international legal regulation of the protection of a foreign diplomatic representative, therefore, special attention is paid to the regulation of diplomatic privileges and immunities. The need to use the positive experience of states on the introduction of internal security in diplomatic representations is based, this is the purpose of the article. It is important that, despite several existing international legal acts on the protection of diplomatic representations and their personnel, there is an urgent need to increase their efficiency and effectiveness, in particular for the filling of existing gaps in international diplomatic law through further codification and development of international law and, also, to take measures in accordance with this branch of law against the offending state, strengthening sanctions for violations by states of the provisions on the privileges and immunities of foreign diplomatic representations and their personnel. As a result, we consider it appropriate to take the measures provided for by legislation to effectively implement the rules of criminal law on the punishment of persons who have committed crimes against representatives of a foreign State who enjoy diplomatic immunity.
Стаття присвячена особливостям кримінально-правових проблем запобігання злочинності в англо-американській правовій сім’ї, що характеризується прогресивним підходом до вирішення цієї проблеми, через приділену значну увагу профілактичним, превентивним методам запобігання неправомірної поведінки громадян. Наголошено, що кожне державно-правове суспільство з огляду на рівень його економічного, соціального, духовного розвитку обирає власну стратегію попередження злочинності та протиправної поведінки його громадян. Усі правові системи ґрунтуються, окрім інших чинників, на правовій ментальності і правовій культурі конкретного суспільства, що є певним вектором розвитку нормативно-правової бази, державної політики аксіологічно-правових орієнтирів. Прецедентному праву притаманна особлива правова культура, що являє собою практику застосування положень прецедентного права, яка обумовлена цілою низкою правил та принципів, вироблених судами протягом багатьох століть, що має назву «доктрина прецеденту». Зазначено, що основним суб’єктом контролю над злочинністю у зарубіжних країнах розглядається держава у вигляді правоохоронних й судових органів, органів центральної виконавчої влади, а також соціально-правовий контроль представниками громадськості. Аргументовано, що загалом можна стверджувати, що психологічні підходи пояснення причин делінквентності застосовуються американськими кримінологами доволі широко. На важливості цього напрямку наголошують і представники соціологічної науки. Акцентовано увагу на тому, що попередженню злочинності сприяє ознайомлення громадян з судовою практикою щодо конкретних кримінальних справ в межах допустимих законом. Таке ознайомлення здійснюється через засоби масової інформації (публікації в пресі, повідомлення по телебаченню і радіо). Це застерігає громадян від певних вчинків, а також дає їм інформацію про межі допустимої поведінки.
The article emphasizes that in the historical development of society, violence is an objective factor accompanying the entire process of its existence. In each historical epoch, the forms and methods of this social phenomenon acquire certain specific changes, but its essence remains unchanged - it is an anti-legal, anti-social, anti-humane phenomenon. Among the objective factors and factors that generate violence are the deformation of moral guidelines and Christian virtues, the promotion of cruelty, unspirituality and violence is gaining widespread development. Among violent acts against a person, physical violence is the most serious concern. It remains extremely relevant in any form. The article states that in Art. 3 of the Constitution of Ukraine clearly prescribes norms aimed at the protection of a person and a citizen: "A person, his life and health, honor and dignity, inviolability and security are the highest social value" [1]. Based on the requirements of the Basic Law, normative legal acts, law enforcement agencies of Ukraine direct all their activities to fight against criminal offenses, ensure legality, and protect the rights and freedoms of citizens. This important function is clearly formulated in Art. 1 of the General part of the Criminal Code of Ukraine (hereinafter the Criminal Code of Ukraine), where it is indicated that it "has as its task the legal protection of the rights and freedoms of man and citizen ... as well as the prevention of criminal offenses" [2]. Thus, the state and its law enforcement agencies face the problem of protecting life, health and security of inviolability, primarily from physical violence. The article emphasizes that physical violence, aimed primarily at humiliating a person's honor and dignity, causes him not only physical, but also moral and psychological suffering. Emphasis is placed on the fact that the humiliation of a person's dignity negatively affects not only his psychological and moral, but also his spiritual, mental and intellectual state, can push him to revenge, which can lead to tragic consequences. The article emphasizes that in modern society there are processes that are characterized by rapid changes in all spheres of social life and are based on contradictions and conflicts. Attention is focused on the fact that physical violence objectively includes conflict in its orbit as a dialectical contradiction between opposite, polar parties. The article found that physical violence directed against a person is not only illegal from the point of view of criminal law, but also an anti-humane, anti-moral and anti-social action that leads to physical and moral suffering and humiliation of human honor and dignity. It necessarily negatively affects the mental state of the victim. A significant role in physical violence is played by the mental activity of a person, which is closely related to his moral-willed, emotional-intellectual characteristics and other factors that play an important role in criminal liability and punishment. The article establishes that the concept of violence as a legal category has received a new understanding in our time. As a result of scientific and technical progress, the emergence of new technical means contributes to the spread of new forms of violence. The fight against any manifestations of physical violence, a criminal offense, is the constitutional duty of the state and its law enforcement agencies.
Over the past decade, the science of criminal law has become interested in comparative legal studies. A significant change in the conditions of social life and the desire to adhere to the principles accepted by the peoples of developed countries requires the study of foreign experience, and sometimes borrowings from international law. Comparative research makes it possible to identify and take into account other people's mistakes and achievements when solving questions about criminality and the punishment of specific acts, helps to understand the role and significance of criminal law as a tool of social regulation. Recently, comparative legal studies of norms on property criminal offenses have appeared in science, but they pay unjustifiably little attention to the study of fraud. In this article, without pretending to be an exhaustive analysis, we will pay attention to the most significant differences in the criminal law regulation of liability for fraud in the legislation of some foreign countries. No society can exist without property, which, being the economic basis, largely determines political, moral, legal and other relations. According to the modern idea of the system of social values, the right to property is regarded as the greatest of the social benefits of an individual. Therefore, encroachments on this good are, in a sense, encroachments on personality. Fraud occupies a special place among criminal offenses against property. Despite the fact that in quantitative terms, fraudulent offenses are inferior to theft and robbery, in terms of the growth rate of the number of registered cases of fraud, this type of criminal offense is significantly ahead of other offenses against property. A feature of foreign legislation is the presence, along with the general norm on liability for fraud, of an extensive system of special orders on liability for fraud on financial markets, in the field of insurance, lending, circulation of real objects, goods and services.
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