In 2020 the COVID-19 pandemic became the major event affecting the global economy. Both supply- and demand-driven recession and changes in consumption and investment behaviour became a new reality. The purpose of the paper is to estimate foreign trade strength and vulnerability of countries under the shrinking global demand for specific groups of goods and services as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic and the measures to contain it. The proposed foreign trade strength index under pandemic is based on exports of pharmaceutical products, medical equipment, food, IT and audiovisual goods and services etc. (+); tourism and transport services, oil, ores and metals, transport vehicles and most other types of machinery etc. (-); and imports of medical and related products (-) in comparison to a country’s GDP. The ranking is provided for the largest 100 economies. 90% of the countries have absolute trade vulnerability under the pandemic. There are 3 types of economies with relatively better trade soundness: exporters of medical products and ICT services (Ireland and Switzerland), food exporters and closed economies. The most vulnerable economies include small island countries which depend on tourism services exports, oil exporting countries and exporters of machines and equipment. Ukraine ranks 38th and has a standardized value of the index +0.4 mainly because of its food exports which help offsets the weakness due to the metal exports. Vulnerability of large economies is caused by their merchandise export structure, while vulnerability of small economies is due to their services export structure. Key words: foreign trade, economic resilience, demand for goods and services, dependence on global markets, pandemic, quarantine measures.
The article provides a review of national economic image, brand, and soft economic power evaluation methods based on opinion polls or objective indicators. The author elaborates and tests a webometric method for evaluation of specific components of national economic image and soft power. National economic image is measured as the share of positive messages in total number of messages about economy of a country. Soft economic power is described as national economic image adjusted for absolute amount of positive economic information about a country. Various key words and expressions are used for web search query to analyze specific components of economic image (trade, inflation, finance, budget, quality, competitiveness, investment, business, corruption, corporate governance, wages, economic cooperation or conflicts, economic growth or crisis). The advantages and limitations of the suggested approach are discussed. The sample for testing the method includes Poland, Ukraine, Russia, Turkey, Romania, Germany, and Moldova. Germany and Poland have almost no major weaknesses, while Russia and Ukraine have almost no major strengths among economic image components. Germany is a soft power leader in the majority of areas, followed by Russia, Turkey and Poland. Ukraine, Romania, and Moldova can improve their image and soft power by better real economic performance and wider coverage of positive economic information about these countries.
Кандидат економічних наук, доцент, доцент кафедри світового господарства і міжнародних економічних відносин Інституту міжнародних відносин Київського національного університету імені Тараса Шевченка. Постановка проблеми. Не існує рецептів ідеальної зовнішньоторговельної політики для всіх країн одночасно. На вибір оптимальної політики впливають багато факторів: рі-вень розвитку, структура економіки, стадія економічного циклу, геоекономічне розташу-вання тощо. Одним з найважливіших чинників, які фактично визначають характер, функції та механізм регулювання міжнародної торгівлі є величина економіки. АнотаціяМи маємо на меті визначити, яким чином розмір країни, її економіки, а відповідно і величина її економічної сили впливає на регулювання міжнародної торгівлі. На цій ос-нові визначається, наскільки зовнішньоторговельна політика України обумовлюється ве-личиною її економіки.
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