The advantages of using encapsulated organo-mineral fertilizers are presented. It is proposed to use a fluidized bed apparatus for coating carbamide granules with an organic shell. Importance of the fluidized bed hydraulic characteristics and their influence on the energy costs of the process are emphasized. Experimental study results prove that irrigation density of granular layer with the suspension has significant influence on the hydraulic resistance of a fluidized bed. It is proposed an analytical dependence for determining the hydraulic resistance of a fluidized bed, which takes into account influence of the organic suspension flow rate.
Powders and granules of heavy metal oxides produced through condition monitoring are in high demand as intermediate products for obtaining fine-grained ceramics for a wide range of applications, i.e., nuclear fuel and fuel elements for nuclear power plants. Sol–gel technology to produce nuclear fuel (UO2), as well as catalysts (ThO2) for organic synthesis in the form of granules from pressed microspheres, is a promising method to obtain powders and granules of heavy metal oxides (fine-graded ceramics). Al2O3 was selected as the model analog at the stages of obtaining a solution of heavy metal and sol, the formation and gelation of droplets, and the preparation of gel spheres and their further washing and drying, as well as recovery and firing of particles. In the study, the main parameters were substantiated, e.g., the diameter and angle of inclination of the axis for the holes in the perforated shell, the multiplicity of sol circulation before the holes, the coefficients of liquid (sol) flow rate, the oscillation frequency of the disperser, and the concentration of surfactant and acid in sol. All of these parameters affect the characteristics of the granules that are obtained by sol–gel technology. Moreover, recommendations to increase productivity and the energy efficiency of production were also given. In particular, it was found that oscillation frequency in a range of 70–80 Hz leads to a granulometric composition of the obtained granules of 2.0–2.2 mm. A hole of 0.85 mm and a frequency of 100 Hz slightly change this range to 1.2–2.0 mm, while maintaining monodispersity.
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