Introduction. The use of enzyme preparations at various stages of the technological process of extracting pectin from potato pulp and their influence on yield and purity of pectin has been studied.Materials and methods. The hydrolysis of potato pulp's protopectin was carried out in various ways using hydrochloric acid, enzymatic preparations of cellulolytic and amylolytic activity at different stages of the technological process and in a combined method.Results and discussion. The effect of a complex enzyme preparation of cellulase on the final produce yield and quality has been researched. It was stated that adding the enzyme preparation at the stage of preliminary treatment of raw materials in an amount of 0,1% of the total dry matter mass (accordingly 9 CU/g of raw material) in combination with acid-thermal hydrolysis leads to an increase in the recovery of alcohol-sugared potato pectin from 7% to 13,6%.The positive influence of amylolytic enzyme preparations on the physical and chemical properties of potato pectin has been proved. Dosage of the enzyme was carried out in the amount of 3 AU/g of absolutely dry starch. The use of amylolytic enzyme preparations in order to process potato pulp in combination with acid hydrolysis raised the uronide component of potato pectin from 27.4% to 42%.The study of the structure of potato pectin samples, extracted under different conditions, by comparison of infrared spectra has been carried out. We have used the method of Xray diffraction analysis to investigate changes in the structure of potato pectin obtained by different methods and compared it with potato starch. It is proved that the use of enzymes at the stage of preliminary processing of raw materials increases the yield, purity and complexing ability of pectin.Conclusions. The use of cellulolytic enzyme preparations and -amylase in the technology of pectin extraction from a potato pulp in combination with acid-thermal hydrolysis leads to an increase in the yield and purity of potato pectin.
Л.М. Петров, Т.М. Борисенко, О.В. Лисий. Фізико-математична модель автомобільного транспортного засобу розділеної ваги з поєднуючим енергетичним елементом. Тягово-зчіпні властивості мають велике значення для забезпечення робочого про-цесу автомобільного транспортного засобу. При забезпеченні тягово-зчіпних властивостей збільшується середня швидкість пере-міщення мобільного енергетичного засобу, підвищується значення енерговитрат на виконання робочого процесу, а витрати на експлуатацію зменшуються. Забезпечення реалізації тягово-зчіпних властивостей здійснює трансмісія мобільного енергетичного засобу. Мета: Метою роботи є удосконалення технології передачі крутного моменту від двигуна до колісних рушіїв шляхом створення нової конструкції трансмісії автомобільного транспортного засобу розділеної ваги. Матеріали і методи: У якості меха-нічної системи розглядався автомобільний транспортний засіб розділеної ваги, у якому поєднуючий енергетичний елемент здійс-нює обертальний рух відносно рами. Результати: Показано, що момент, який створює обертальний рух, залежить від модуля та напрямку абсолютних швидкостей повороту поєднуючого енергетичного елементу. Вперше запропонована технологія та конструк-ція трансмісії автомобіля, який відрізняється від попередніх конструкцій значним спрощенням передачі крутного моменту від дви-гуна до ведучих коліс при підвищеному значенні коефіцієнту корисної дії.Ключові слова: трансмісія, крутний момент, колове зусилля, осьове зусилля, передаточне відношення. L.M. Petrov, T.M. Borisenko, O.V. Lysyi. Physico-mathematical model of motor vehicle of divided weight with unifying energetic element.The traction characteristics are important for ensuring of motor vehicle work process. In providing the traction characteristics the average velocity of mobile energetic transport grows, energy costs for work process execution are uprating and operation costs are reducing. The implementation of traction characteristics is performed by transmission of mobile energetic transport. Aim: The aim of the work is improvement of torque transfer technology from the engine to the wheel driving forces through the establishment of new construction of divided weight vehicle transmission. Materials and Methods: Consider a motor vehicle of divided weight with unifying energetic element which performs rotary motions relative to the vehicle frame. Results: It was shown that, the momentum which creates the rotational motion depends on the module and the direction of rotation speed of the unifying energetic element. For the first time, the technology and design of vehicle transmission which differs from previous designs by significant simplifying of the torque transmission from the engine to driving wheels at increased value of efficiency coefficient were proposed.Keywords: transmission, torque, circular force, thrust force, angular speed ratio.Introduction. The traction characteristics are important for ensuring of motor vehicle work process. In providing the traction characteristics the average velocity of mobile energeti...
Defect-free machining of materials and products with a strictly organized anisotropic structure (polymer composite materials), with an uneven change in physical and mechanical properties throughout the volume (synthegran) or with high strength properties (artificially grown superhard ruby and leucosapphire crystals) is either impossible or not economically feasible on modern CNC technological machines. The reason for this is the lack of information about the power parameter, e.g., the machining force and torque. Therefore, the use of the developed adaptive mechatronic mechanism (AMM) module, which implements parametric stabilization of the power machining parameter in an open-loop control system, was an effective solution to this technological problem. An analysis of the issue state in the field of mechatronic and intelligent machines has shown that to date, mechatronics as a science systematically combines mechanics, electronics, and informatics (computer science). Moreover, the term informatics indirectly reflects another component of mechatronics – automation. In this regard, two main methods of automatic control are considered: by deviation in a closed system with feedback and by disturbance in an open system without feedback on the controlled parameter. Examples of open-loop systems with disturbance control, in which the “disturbance compensation principle” is implemented, are given. This method cannot be replaced in the absence of sensors – sources of information about physical processes in technological machines for various purposes, for example, in machine tool building, biomedicine, nuclear and military technology. As a rule, in all these machines there is a reciprocating movement of the working body (tool). The information model of the AMM module presented in the article reflects its main elements and characteristics, including driving forces (electromagnetic and electrodynamic), a ball-bearing screw mechanism, a fixed (unmovable) stator with a field winding and a movable armature with armature winding. The place of this article in the general system of scientific research on the formulated new scientific direction “Mechatronic and intelligent technological machines” is shown. This article is an introduction to this scientific direction, when automatic regulation “by disturbance” is performed in a mechatronic machine, i.e., the principle of disturbance compensation is fulfilled.
Purpose. Modeling of the engine intake process with a non-traditional power mechanism and improvement of maintenance system and repair of vehicles by adjusting maintenance modes. methodology. During the simulation of the intake process of the gasoline engine, theoretical positions based on the fundamental theory of thermal motors, thermodynamics and hydraulics are used. The work of a non-shaft engine was investigated with usage of calculation-theoretical research methods. Experimental studies of the change in the life-cycle of trucks during the exploitation operation were carried out using simulation numerical modeling and road tests at the automobile enterprise. The methods of theory of probability and mathematical statistics, reliability theory are used. findings. The mathematical model of the engine intake process with an unconventional power mechanism allows us to evaluate the measures aimed at optimizing the design of the engine and increasing its fuel efficiency. It is simpler, less labor consuming and requires less machine time for calculations compared to conventional models. Algorithms of analysis of truck failures and determination of their rational modes of maintenance (on the example of Volvo vehicles) have been projected. The economic effect of innovations involves reducing operating costs per unit of performed transport and increasing profits. Originality. The mathematical model of the working cycle of the engine is specified in the part of development of the model of the intake system, which takes into account kinematics of the engine and an alternating degree of compression, which increases its fuel efficiency by 10 %. Practical value. Measures are developed for controlling the technical condition of the main parts of trucks and their maintenance, taking into account the actual state of the vehicles, which allowed increasing the probability of predicting 10 % of malfunctions. The usage of these measures can increase the technical condition of the mining industry.
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