Background. Rabbit breeding is a branch of animal husbandry that produces cheap and high-quality meat products in a short period of time. Productive, maternal, reproductive and technological characteristics determine the economic efficiency of rabbit breeding under the conditions of full realization of the genetic potential of animals and a good fodder base. The main factor in the development of rabbit breeding is the increase in the number of animals, which is supported by improved maintenance, veterinary support and breeding practices. Materials and Methods. The experiment was conducted on a population of rabbits (200 heads) of the Poltavske sriblo breed. After weaning at 45 days of age, the young were separated by sex and kept 3–4 animals in a cage. 3-month-old males were placed in individual cages until they reached the age of breeding use – 150–160 days. Rabbits were fed granulated compound feed: concentrated fodder, grass meal, feed additives of animal origin, minerals and premixes. Blood was taken from the ear vein. DNA was isolated using a standard commercial kit “DNA-sorb B” with some modifications. Wright’s F-statistic, including several F-coefficients of inbreeding, was used to assess the genetic differentiation of populations. Testing of the population according to the studied genes for Hardy–Weinberg genetic equilibrium was carried out using the Pearson χ2 test. To determine Poltavske sriblo rabbits’ breeding value, indices were calculated based on economic and beneficial traits, including genetic and economic values of individual traits. As a genetic parameter, the heredity coefficient of rabbits was used, and the economic one was the cost of the products produced. Results. The results of the peculiarities of Poltavske sriblo rabbits genetic structure analysis by the distribution of allelic variants of the myostatin gene and progesterone receptor in the context of genealogical lines are presented. It was found that the greatest frequency of the C allele by the myostatin gene was in the descendants of the male Cooper (0.551). The frequency of the T allele in this sample of animals was 0.449, respectively. For Snowball’s line rabbits, higher values of the G allele by progesterone receptor gene (0.488) were noted due to the advantage of homozygous animals. The highest value of the effective number of alleles by the myostatin gene was characteristic of Cooper’s rabbit line (0.500), and the lowest – of Bach’s lines (0.215) and Barry’s lines (0.230). According to the progesterone receptor gene, the highest values of Ne were for the Cooper (0.500), Snowball (0.507), and Mini (0.511) rabbits, and the lowest values were for Fox (0.307). The influence of the rabbit genotype on the manifestation of economic and beneficial traits – average daily growth and fertility – has also been established. The use of the breeding value evaluation of the Poltavske sriblo breed rabbits according to the selection and genetic index according to the productivity of daughters, made it possible to single out the main males among the group, as fertilizers. Male fertilizers included Snowball, Long, and Mini. Conclusions. The obtained data can be used for selective and breeding practices in rabbit breeding with the aim of selecting breeders for the improvement of the meat productivity and reproductive ability of rabbits.
The article provides information on the study of the level of reproductive ability of male rabbits of various breeds under conditions of industrial technology and retro-technology. The purpose of the work was to analyze the features of the reproductive ability of rabbits of different breeds depending on the technology of keeping and the season of the year. Materials and methods. The research was conducted on Poltava silver, California and New Zealand white rabbits (n = 27 rabbits) on the basis of two farms in the Cherkasy region – the experimental rabbit farm of the Cherkasy research station of bioresources (industrial technology) and the SG PE "Marchuk N. V." (retro technology). When studying the reproductive capacity of male rabbits, sperm from breeder rabbits was collected every decade during the year, which, after dilution, was used to artificially inseminate female rabbits. At the same time, the semen was evaluated by the volume of the ejaculate, the motility of the spermatozoa and their concentration. The volume of the ejaculate was measured with the help of a graduated sperm receiver, the concentration and mobility of sperm – on the special equipment Sperm Vision (Minitube, Germany). Males were also assessed for the fertilizing ability of sperm. The received research materials were processed by statistical methods using the "Statistica-6.1" software package and Excel (Microsoft Office 2007). Research results. A study of the level of reproductive capacity of male rabbits of different breeds was carried out, depending on the technology of keeping and the influence of paratypic factors. It was established that the average indicators of male ejaculate had the following values: ejaculate volume – 1.3–1.6 ml, sperm concentration – 330–390 million, sperm motility – 7.1–7.6 points, total number of sperm in ejaculate – 330–440 million. The indicator of fertilizing capacity varied between 78–88%, the maximum value of this indicator was registered in rabbits of the NB breed, respectively, and the minimum in PS rabbits. A statistically significant interbreeding difference was established for all the investigated indicators of male sperm productivity. Males of the NB breed turned out to be the best in terms of overall fertilizing ability (88%). They outnumbered males of other groups in terms of ejaculate volume and sperm concentration. However, the mobility and general activity of sperm in the ejaculate were better in males of breed K. Study of the influence of the technology of maintenance on the indicators of sperm productivity of the breeding stock of the farm "Marchuk N. V." make it possible to assert that there is no significant difference in the studied parameters. It was established that the animals that were kept according to retro technology had an average value of the ejaculate volume indicator 0.05 ml lower compared to the group of analogues that were kept indoors (p > 0.05). On average, the concentration of spermatozoa in the selected ejaculate was 347 million for males kept according to retro technology and 358 million for those kept according to industrial technology. The difference between these indicators turned out to be insignificant (p > 0.05), similar values were also recorded for the indicator of the total number of active sperm in the ejaculate. The sperm motility index in rabbits of all studied groups was 7.45–7.50 points, with a higher value recorded in the group of males kept in cages in the yard. Using one-factor variance analysis, a low influence of the specified factor on the studied indicators of male sperm was established (ηx2 = 0.01–0.04, p > 0.05). Studies of the influence of the season of the year on sperm productivity indicators of male rabbits of the ChDSB experimental farm of the National Academy of Sciences show that in the vast majority of cases, the highest ejaculate volume indicator was recorded in winter, and the lowest in summer (Table 3). A tendency towards its gradual seasonal decrease from winter to summer and increase in autumn was revealed. When determining the total number of active spermatozoa in both ejaculates, probable seasonal variability was also detected (a gradual decrease from winter to summer). This indicator was the highest in winter, and the lowest in summer (p < 0.001). In the spring, the investigated indicator was in the range of 294.7–439.2 million, and in the autumn period – 292.1–444.1 million. The maximum concentration of sperm in the ejaculate was noted in winter (438.0 million/ml), and the minimum in summer (351.3 million/ml), the difference was 21.6% (p < 0.001). The regularity of a gradual seasonal decrease of this indicator from winter to summer and a slight increase in autumn was noted. When evaluating sperm motility in the ejaculate, it was established that, in the vast majority of cases, this indicator was the highest in winter, and the lowest in the summer, however, the difference was not statistically significant (p > 0.05). The trend of a gradual seasonal decrease of this indicator from winter to summer and an increase in autumn was revealed. Visible. Fertilizing ability of sperm in autumn was 6% better than in summer. Using univariate variance analysis, a statistically significant influence of the season on sperm productivity indicators of the studied males was established according to the following parameters: the volume of the first ejaculate sperm – 6% (p < 0.05), the second ejaculate – 10% (p < 0.001); sperm concentration in the first ejaculate – 8% (p < 0.001); sperm motility in the first ejaculate – 11% (p < 0.001), in the second ejaculate – 3% (p < 0.05); the total number of active sperm in both ejaculates is 10–14% (p < 0.001); the number of calculated conditional sperm doses in the ejaculate is 13–14% (p < 0.001). Conclusions. The results of studying the indicators of sperm productivity of rabbits from two farms proved the absence of a probable influence of the breed on the indicators of sperm productivity of rabbits (ηx2 = 0.02–0.07, p > 0.05). The study of the influence of the technology of keeping on the indicators of the sperm productivity of the breeders of the farm makes it possible to assert that there is no significant difference in the studied parameters. The results of the univariate variance analysis proved the existence of a probable influence of the season on the indicators of sperm productivity of the studied males and on the vast majority of indicators of the reproductive capacity of female rabbits (4–3.14%). A study of the fertilizing ability of male sperm by season showed that this indicator was the highest in spring – 88%, and the lowest – in summer (78%). 82% of females were fertilized in winter and 84% in autumn. there is a similar seasonal variability (gradual decrease from winter to summer and increase in autumn) when determining the total number of sperm in the ejaculate. This indicator was probably the highest in winter (438.6 million), and the lowest in summer (313.5 million), the difference was 28.52% (p < 0.001). A study of the fertilizing ability of male sperm by seasons showed that this indicator was the highest in spring, and the lowest in summer; the difference was 10%. In winter, females fertilized worse, the proportion of fertilized animals was 6% less than the canopy
The results of the study of the impact of livestock facilities on the state of the environment are presented. To ensure environmental safety, pollutant emissions are regulated by implementing environmental protection policies. Therefore, there is a need to develop scientifically sound approaches to improve methods of regulating emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere from low-capacity livestock facilities, which determines the relevance of this work. The analysis of the existing researches taking into account the European system of inventory of EMEP («CORINAIR») is carried out. A number of measures have been identified to reduce emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere from livestock facilities. It is established that for the last 16 years there is a tendency to reduce the number of farm animals, in particular: cattle by 41.4% and pigs by 21.4%. The exception is poultry, which increased by 28.5% during this period. At the same time, as a result of economic activity of livestock facilities such pollutants as ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, methane, alcohols (methanol, ethanol, etc.), phenols, esters, carbonyl compounds (aldehydes and ketones), carbon acids, sulfides and disulfides, mercaptans, amines, carbon dioxide. The efficiency of introduction of entomological method of utilization of organic waste of animal husbandry which allows receiving simultaneously protein of animal origin and organic fertilizers with the improved physical and mechanical properties is established. Pig manure after processing by larvae of flies becomes a valuable organic fertilizer that has a nematodicidal effect. It is especially valuable for indoor use. Application of biohumus to the soil at the rate of 400 g/m2 reduces the number of nematodes and delays its emergence. Thus, obtaining humus is essentially a solution to the problem of using the ecological mechanism of soil fertility restoration. This addresses the issue of humus biotechnology, which is an alternative to soil chemicalization and creates the conditions for biologization and greening of agriculture. Also, one of the ways to reduce the negative impact on the environment is to dispose of waste in agriculture by producing biogas. This allows you to get a fuel mixture of gases with a heat of combustion of about 20–25 MJ/m3 and methane content in the range of 60–75%, as well as reduce the load of polluting gases on the environment.
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