Non-contact thermometry is essential in biomedical studies requiring thermal sensing and imaging with high thermal and spatial resolutions. In this work, we report the potential use of Er:Yb:NaYF4 and Er:Yb:NaY2F5O up-conversion nanoparticles as thermal sensors by means of lifetime based luminescent thermometry. We demonstrate how Er:Yb:NaY2F5O nanocrystals present a higher thermal sensitivity than the Er:Yb:NaYF4 ones and that their lifetime thermal coefficient is comparable to those corresponding to other nano-sized luminescent systems already used for high resolution lifetime fluorescence thermal sensing. We evaluate the potential use of Er:Yb:NaY2F5O nanoparticles as lifetime based thermal probes by providing the first experimental evidence on sub-tissue lifetime fluorescence thermal sensing by using up-conversion nanoparticles in an ex vivo experiment.

The rapid evolution in luminescence thermometry in the last few years gradually shifted the research from the fabrication of more sensitive nanoarchitectures towards the use of the technique as a tool for thermal bioimaging and for the unveiling of properties of the thermometers themselves and of their local surroundings, for example to evaluate heat transport at unprecedented small scales. In this work, we demonstrated that KLu(WO4)2:Ho3+,Tm3+ nanoparticles are able to combine controllable heat release and upconversion thermometry permitting to estimate its thermal resistance (in air), a key parameter to model the heat transfer at the nanoscale.

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We studied the temperature-dependent luminescence of GdVO4 nanoparticles co-doped with Er(3+) (1 mol %) and Yb(3+) (20 mol %) and determined their thermal sensing properties through the fluorescence intensity ratio (FIR) technique. We also analyzed how a silica coating, in a core-shell structure, affects the temperature sensing properties of this material. Spectra were recorded in the range of biological temperatures (298-343 K). The absolute sensitivity for temperature determination calculated for the core-shell nanoparticles is double the one calculated for bare nanoparticles, achieving a thermal resolution of 0.4 K. Moreover, silica-coated nanoparticles show good dispersibility in different solvents, such as water, DMSO, and methanol. Also, they show good luminescence stability without interactions with solvent molecules. Furthermore, we also observed that the silica coating shell prevents progressive heating of the nanoparticles during prolonged excitation periods with the 980 nm laser, preventing effects on their thermometric applications.

Nanothermometry methods with intracellular sensitivities have the potential to make important contributions to fundamental cell biology and medical fields, as temperature is a relevant physical parameter for molecular reactions to occur inside the cells and changes of local temperature are well identified therapeutic strategies. Here we show how the GFP can be used to assess temperature-based on a novel fluorescence peak fraction method. Further, we use standard GFP transfection reagents to assess temperature intracellularly in HeLa cells expressing GFP in the mitochondria. High thermal resolution and sensitivity of around 0.26% °C −1 and 2.5% °C −1 , were achieved for wt-GFP in solution and emGFP-Mito within the cell, respectively. We demonstrate that the GFP-based nanothermometer is suited to directly follow the temperature changes induced by a chemical uncoupler reagent that acts on the mitochondria. The spatial resolution allows distinguishing local heating variations within the different cellular compartments. Our discovery may lead to establishing intracellular nanothermometry as a standard method applicable to the wide range of live cells able to express GFP.

A luminescent thermometer changing from blue to red as temperature increases and based on Yb3+,Tm3+:GdVO4@SiO2 nanoparticles excited at 980 nm is presented.

Temperature is a key parameter for optimal cellular function and growth. Temperature perturbation may directly lead to cell death. This can be used in cancer therapies to kill cells in...

Green fluorescent protein was used to fabricate planar LSCs in liquid and solid state, yielding competitive power conversion efficiency values stating the potential of naturally-based molecules in the development of sustainable LSCs.