The study aimed to determine and compare cadmium (Cd) concentration in different biological media of breast cancer and benign breast tumor patients. Methods Concentration of Cd was determined in breast tissue, urine and blood of 57 breast cancer and 51 benign tumor patients. Two samples of breast tissue from each patient, i.e. tumor and healthy tissue were taken for the analysis. Cd in biological media was determined by atomic absorption spectrometry (Perkin-Elmer, Zeeman 3030). Results The mean Cd concentration in breast cancer patients was 0.053 µg/g (95% CI=0.042-0.065) for tumor sample and 0.02 µg/g (95% CI=0.014-0.026) for healthy breast tissue sample (p<0.001). In benign tumor patients the figures were following: 0.037 µg/g (95% CI=0.023-0.051) and 0.032 µg/g (95% CI=0.018-0.047) (p>0.05). Cd content in malignant tumor significantly differed from that in benign tumor (p<0.01). Cancer patients with positive estrogenreceptors had significantly greater concentration of breast tissue Cd compared to patients with negative estrogenreceptors (p=0.035). Adjusted for creatinine Cd in urine was significantly higher in cancer patients than in controls (p<0.001). In cancer patients a positive Spearman's correlation was found between Cd in tumor and healthy breast tissue, blood (r=0.44 and r=0.39, respectively, p<0.01). Correlation between Cd in urine of cancer patients and number of cigarettes smoked during lifetime was suggestive (r=0.59, p=0.075). Conclusion The data obtained show higher concentration of cadmium in breast tumor and urine of cancer patients and support a possible relationship between cadmium and breast cancer.
ĮvadasKadmis yra vienas toksiškiausių sunkiųjų metalų, kuris, toksinių medžiagų ir ligų registro duomenimis, priklauso 20 pavojingiausių elementų sąrašui (1). Žalingas metalo poveikis žmogui padidėjo išaugus šio metalo panaudojimui pramonėje: nikelio-kadmio baterijų, pigmentų, plastmasių, cinko ir kitų specialiųjų lydinių, trąšų ir pesticidų gamyboje. Dėl to padidėjo atmosferos oro, dirvožemio, vandens užterštu-mas kadmiu (2). Kadmis naudojamas kosmetinių priemonių (3, 4), dantų protezų gamybai (5, 6). Kadmio yra tabake, kur jo koncentracija svyruoja nuo 1 iki 2 mg/g sausojo svorio -tai atitiktų 0,5-1 mg vienoje cigaretėje (7). Į žmogaus organizmą šis metalas patenka per virškinimo ir kvėpavimo organų sistemas. Per dieną 70 kg sveriantis žmogus su maistu gali gauti iki 70 µg kadmio, tačiau tik apie 5 proc. metalo rezorbuojasi virškinamajame trakte (2,8). Galimi šio metalo absorbcijos svyravimai. Padidėjusi kadmio absorbcija nustatyta metalui jautrioms moterims (9) arba moterims, kurioms trūksta geležies (10, 11). Kvėpa-vimo takuose rezorbuojasi iki 50 proc. į juos patekusio metalo. Apie 10 proc. įkvėpto kadmio oksido nusėda plaučių audinyje, 30-40 proc. absorbuojasi į rūkančių-jų kraują (7).Kadmis yra plaučių vėžį sukeliantis kancerogenas (12). Kai kurie tyrimai rodo, jog kadmis gali būti ir krūties vėžio rizikos veiksnys. Nustatyta, kad moterims, kurių šlapime rasta du ir daugiau kartų didesnė kadmio koncentracija, buvo daugiau kaip du kartus didesnė rizika susirgti krūties vėžiu (13). Daugiau kaip septynis kartus didesnė rizika susirgti krūties vėžiu
Background. Cadmium is regarded as a human carcinogen based on findings of lung cancer in population that had experienced long-term high level exposure to cadmium. A more controversial target site for cadmium is the human mammary gland, for which some studies indicate a link between cadmium exposure and cancer.Objective. We aimed to assess an association between cadmium exposure and risk of breast cancer.
Methods.A hospital-based case-control study of 661 women, aged 23-90 years, with breast cancer and 642 controls without cancer diagnose was carried out in a Hospital of Lithuanian University of Health Sciences. Cadmium concentration in urine samples was determined by atomic absorption spectrometry (Perkin-Elmer, Zeeman 3030). A questionnaire was used to collect information on demographic characteristics, family history on breast cancer, factors related to reproductive life of women and lifestyle. Odds ratios (OR) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CI) for breast cancer by cadmium levels were calculated by multivariable unconditional logistic regression analysis.
Results.After adjustment for age, income, family history on breast cancer, hormone replacement therapy, and alcohol use, women in the highest tercile of cadmium concentration (>0.48 µg/l) had 1.7 the breast cancer risk of those in the lowest tercile (≤0.24 µg/l) (OR=1.67, 95% CI=1.17-2.40). There was a significant increase in risk with increasing cadmium level in urine (p for trend 0.011).Conclusion. The data obtained show a possible relationship between cadmium and breast cancer risk.
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