This study was carried out to analyse the proximate, phytochemical composition and antioxidant activity of three agricultural wastes (Melon husk, moringa pod and mango endocarp).The proximate parameters of the samples were determined using the standard analytical method of Association of Official Analytical Chemists. The antioxidant activity was determined by the radical scavenging activity of the methanol extract of samples against DPPH (Sigma Aldrich) by UV-Visible Spectrophotometer at 517 nm. The results revealed that the three samples are high in crude fibre: 51.61% (melon seed husk), 58.10% (moringa pod) and 49.47% (mango endocarp). The crude protein content of the samples ranged from 3.45% to 12.22%. The mineral analysis showed that melon seed husk contains; Ca (14.94 mg/kg), Mg (52.26 mg/kg), Fe (21.2mg/kg), P (106.7 mg/kg), Zn (0.70 mg/kg); moringa pod contains Ca (243.95 mg/kg), Mg (61.44 mg/kg), Fe (3.60 mg/kg), P (33.75 mg/kg), Zn (0.35 mg/kg); mango endocarp; Ca(6.14 mg/kg), Mg (13.00 mg/kg), P (24.25 mg/kg), Zn (0.17 mg/kg). Phytochemical screening of the three samples showed small amount of antinutrient like saponin, oxalate, flavonoid etc. The results obtained from this study indicate that the agricultural wastes may serve as energy and mineral supplier and thus may be utilized as a potential feed ingredient in livestock feed, coupled with their low antinutrient content.
Agricultural wastes have been identified as a potential lignocellulosic biomass for bioethanol production. An accurate biomass characterization is needed to evaluate the new potential lignocelluloses biosource for biofuel production. This study evaluates the compositional analysis and characterization of three agricultural wastes (melon husk, moringa pod and mango endocarp). The samples were collected locally in Sheda Village, FCT, Abuja, Nigeria. The lignocellulose biomass composition of the samples was determined by using a proven economically viable gravimetric method and the samples were further characterized using the FTIR. The results showed that a significant amount of hemicelluloses content was found, from 19.38% to 27.74% and the highest amount was present in melon musk. The amount of cellulose ranging from 22.49% to 45.84% was found where the highest amount was found in mango endocarp. Lignin content was in the range of 22.62% to 29.87% and melon husk was shown to have the highest amount. The FTIR spectroscopic analysis showed a broad band at 3422.99 cm-1, 3422.66 cm-1, 3422.85 cm-1 (for mango endocarp, melon husk and moringa pod respectively) representing bonded –OH groups. The peak around 1637 cm-1 corresponds to C=C stretching of conjugated carboxylic acids. The aliphatic chains, -CH2- and –CH3, which form the basic structure of cellulose material, were seen at 1205.72, 1204.50 and 1206.24 cm-1. The signals at 1056.15, 1035.80 and 1055.86 cm-1 correspond to C-O-R (alcohols or esters) vibration. The results show that the samples contain significant quantity of lignocellulosic biomass. Thus, the agricultural wastes could be of valuable use in biofuel production.
Calopo (Calopogonium mucunoides Desv.), a vigorous, hairy annual trailing legume, is a cover crop in tropical tree plantations. In this study, the aerial part of calopo was extracted separately using hexane, ethylacetate and methanol. The phytochemical constituents and antioxidant activities of the extracts were determined. The nutritional value of the plant was determined by proximate analysis. The FTIR analysis was also carried out. Estimation of the phytochemical and nutritional analysis was done using the standard laboratory methods. The results showed that the total phenolic content of C. mucunoides was the highest (4.29 ± 0.032 mg/g). Antioxidant activity was highest in the methanol extract (65-71% inhibition). Proximate analysis revealed a high protein content (20.54%); ash content (9.86%); Fibre (21.42%); Lipid (18.62%) and carbohydrate content (21.56%). The FTIR analysis showed a broad band at 3392-3353 cm-1 representing bonding –OH groups. The peak around 2924-2918cm-1 represents aliphatic chains, -CH2- and –CH3. The peak around 1623 cm-1 (from methanol and hexane extract only) corresponds to C=O stretch. The peak observed at 1515 cm-1 (from ethylacetate extract) corresponds to the secondary amine group. Results from this study shows the plant contains significant phytochemical compounds and using appropriate solvent, it may serve as a source for the development of novel drugs for the treatment of various diseases as claimed by its traditional uses. The plant is also of high nutritional value, especially due to its high protein and fibre content, and therefore, may be used in feed formulation.
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