Sixteen foods borne bacteria were isolated from raw food samples including okro, carrot, spinach, pepper, tomato, onion and cooked food samples (rice, yam, beans, meat and plantain). The isolates were characterized and identified as Bacillus brevis, Bacillus congulans, Bacillus polymyxa, Bacillus lentus, Bacillus megaterium, Bacillus subtilis, Acinetobacter spp., Citrobacter freundii, Klebsiella aerogenes, Streptococcus agalactiae, Alcaligenes spp., Corynebacterium spp., Enterobacter aerogenes, Enterobacter spp. and Staphylococcus epidermidis. These isolates were screened on egg yolk agar for toxigenic properties and thirteen of the sixteen were positive for toxin production while three were negative. Six out of the thirteen toxigenic bacterial were selected for further work. These were; E. coli, K. aerogenes, C. freundii, B. polymyxa, S. epidermidis and E. aerogenes. The effect of pH, thermal treatment and chemical preservatives on the growth rate and toxin elaboration of E. coli, K. aerogenes, C. freundii, B. polymyxa, S. epidermidis and E. aerogenes was studied. It was observed that E. coli had no viable growth until 48 h of incubation, while the other five isolates had visible growth right from the 24 h of incubation. Also E. coli did not produce toxin until the 96 th hour of incubation; K. aerogenes and E. aerogenes were able to produce toxin at 24 h of incubation, while C. freundii, B. polymyxa and S. epidermidis produced toxin at 48 h of incubation. Also, 44°C was not suitable for toxin production. pH 3 and 5 were less favorable for toxin production despite the fact that isolates were able to grow at different temperature and pH ranges. The isolate were more sensitive to sodium metabisulfite than benzoic acid. Also, E. coli and K. aerogenes were able to elaborate toxin in their dormant state with 750 mg of sodium metabisulfite.

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Herbal concoctions are extracts from plants such as its bark, leaves, stems, roots, seeds and flowers. Plant ingredients were obtained from Oja-igbo market in Ogbomoso, Oyo State and were prepared in the form of concoctions (soup or drink made usually from ingredients after boiling) or infusions (soaking the plant material and allowing it to stand for varying lengths of time) and assessed for their microbial load and type of microorganisms present and also for the degree of resistance and sensitivity to selected antibiotics .The following bacteria were isolated from the herbal concoctions: Micrococcus sendentarius, Corynebacterium renale, Clostridium tertium, and Clostridium butyricum. Antimicrobial susceptibility screening of the isolated bacteria indicated multiple resistance to most commonly used antibiotics such as Ofloxacin (75%), Erythromycin (100%), Ciprofloxacin (100%), Clindamycin (100%), Gentamycin (75%), Cephalexin (100%), Cotrimoxazole (100%), Cloxacillin (100%), Ceftriaxone (100%) and Augmentin (100%). Only Ofloxacin and Gentamycin had (25%) sensitivity rate. The microbial quality of herbal concoctions should be of great importance to the community in order to reduce harm to the consumers and spread of resistance strains.

The growing awareness and appendage of "black is beautiful" is a not a contemporary phenomenon but a contemporaneous wave deeply rooted in one of the most elusive coinage. Africans from time immemorial had in its own right and way developed and advanced the environment in which he lived, taking advantage of all nature provided. It was a one human entity whose development and civilisation was not in any way inferior to western civilisations displaying the earliest techniques of environmental subjugation. Africa flourished immensely to the attraction of all races in agriculture, arts and crafts, and state administration with copious proofs of Western Sudanese Empires, the Dahomey Kingdom, Guinea forest states of Oyo and Benin Empires, infamous Saifawa dynasty which began in the 8 th century and lasted a thousand years. In sharing the economic prosperity by projected by Africa, the Arabs bridges the hitherto communication barrier of the Sahara desert to reach the prosperous people. The hitherto calmness was upset by the Europeans notably the Portuguese early comers who aimed at breaking the monopoly of the Arabs over West African trade; whose pursuit soon subtly metamorphosed into an ungodly obnoxious trade in sweat and blood which altered the dignity and destroyed the hitherto peaceful civilisation and development and a fairly self sufficient Africa. It placed the black race on the pedestal of inconsequential and worthless race ... which none ever discovered any symptoms of ingenuity... Though a plethoral of literature exist on Pan Africanism, there is the paucity of engagement of Pan African ideas in the explanation of solutions to African problems. This paper adopts analytical and descriptive methods of analysis through secondary sources.