Foot and mouth disease (FMD), is a highly contagious viral trans-boundary disease of both domestic and wild cloven hoofed animals characterized by high morbidity and decreased livestock productivity, while affected countries are being excluded from international animal trade. The first Nigerian reported and typed outbreak was in the early '50s amongst herds from the NorthEast with subsequent reports around the country. These reports confirm endemicity of FMD with serious economic losses due to serotypes A and SAT 2 outbreaks. In an update of FMD by Nwanta and Ojemiren in 1999, serotypes A, O, SAT 1 and SAT 2 were reported as been responsible for disease outbreaks in Northern Nigeria. Antibodies to SAT1 and SAT2 serotypes have also been demonstrated, while Knowles and his colleagues in 2008 reported serotype O and SAT2 from outbreaks. These findings updated the information on the FMD World Reference laboratory, (Pirbright, UK) data base which stated that serotypes O, A, SAT1 and SAT2 have been circulating in Nigeria in the last 54 years (1955-2009). Early detection is essential for effective control and requires rapid, sensitive method of viral serotype diagnosis that is responsible for the outbreak and selection of an appropriate emergency vaccine which is currently unavailable in Nigeria. This challenge forced the local herdsmen to seek for self-help medication (herbs) and a few seek the expertise of Veterinary personnel while others practice the concept called "Dashse" characterized by guarded prognosis due to absence of cross immunity amongst serotypes. Fostered collaboration with development partners as well as neighboring affected countries in areas of control is thus suggested.
Two viruses naturally infect Musa in Nigeria: banana streak badnavirus (BSV) and cucumber mosaic cucumovirus (CMV). During a recent field survey at Ibadan (Nigeria), some severely stunted banana plants (cv. Valery) were found that tested negative for CMV, banana bunchy-top virus, and BSV. The plants had symptoms of leaf crinkling, leaf necrosis, and cigar-leaf die-back. Subsequent suckers from the same mats were progressively more stunted. A 28- to 30-nm isometric virus was purified, and used for the production of antibodies, from the affected plants with (NH4)2SO4 to precipitate the virus. The antiserum (titer of 1:10,000) was used in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and immunosorbent electron microscopy to detect the virus. Mechanical inoculation with partially purified virus preparations resulted in stunting and development of pinpoint chlorotic lesions on Vigna unguiculata TVu-76 and symptomless systemic infection of Nicotiana occidentalis. The virus was not mechanically transmissible from N. occidentalis to banana. A serological relationship between this virus, banana die-back virus (BDBV), and tobacco ringspot, tomato ringspot, and cacao necrosis nepoviruses was found. The nematode species around the affected banana plants were isolated: Helicotylenchus multicinctus (Cobb) Golden was the dominant species, low numbers of H. dihystera (Cobb) Sher were present, but no virustransmitting nematodes were found in soil or banana roots. Further studies are needed to determine the mode of spread of BDBV, the implications for banana/plantain production in sub-Saharan Africa, and the safe international movement of germplasm.
Reports of increasing poor livestock production performance associated with hemoparasitism especially in cattle premised this hematological survey.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.