The antibacterial activities of many medicinal plants have been carried out to assess their potential use in bacteria borne diseases. In this study the antibacterial activities of two medicinal plants, Moringa oleifera and Dialium guineense as well as their phytochemical contents were carried out and compared. Their leaves were collected separately, dried, pulverized to powder and extracted with ethanol. The phytochemical analysis of M. oleifera and D. guineense extracts were carried out using standard methods, while their antibacterial activities were evaluated and compare using some bacterial isolates and by agar well diffusion method. The result of the phytochemical screening showed that both plants possess the same phytochemicals with exemption of steroids which is present only in D. guineense, and cardiac glycosides only present in M. oleifera. The results of the antibacterial activities are as follows; on Staphylococcus aureus, at concentration of 100 mg/ml, M. oleifera and D. guineense gave inhibition zone diameters (IZD) of 9.5± 0.30mm and 7.5 ± 0.14mm respectively, with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 1.25% and 0.625% respectively. On Streptococcus pneumonia, at concentration of 100mg/ml M. oleifera and D. guineense gave IZD of 8.5± 0.26mm and 8.5 ± 0.26 mm respectively, with (MIC) of 0.625% and 1.25% respectively. On Escherichia coli, at 100 mg/ml, M. oleifera and D. guineesne gave IZD of 10.0± 0.34mm and 8.5 ± 0.26 mm respectively, (MIC) of 2.5% and 1.25% respectively. On Pseudomonas aeruginosa at concentration of 100 mg/ml, M. oleifera and D. guineense gave IZD of 9.5± 0.32mm and 7.0± 0.09mm respectively. Examination of these results showed that M. oleifera is slightly more active than D. guineesne.
Massularia acuminata and Garcinia kola are chewing sticks widely used in Nigeria rural population for oral and dental care. This research investigates the individual antibacterial effects of methanol extracts of stem and twigs of these plants respectively and the combined effect of both extracts, against isolates of the oral cavity. The isolates were obtained from the oral cavities of healthy undergraduate students. The bacteria isolates obtained were Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumonia, Streptococcus spp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli. Screening for antibacterial effect of each of the extracts and the combined extract on the standardized isolates was done by the Agar well diffusion method. On S. aureus, the methanol extract of M. acuminate and G. kola had minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 12.5mg/ml and 12.5mg/ml with mean inhibitory zone diameter (IZD) of 3mm and 10mm respectively. The combination of both plant extracts showed MIC of 25mg/ml and a mean IZD of 4mm. On E. coli, M. acuminate and G. kola had MIC of 25mg/ml and 12.5mg/ml with mean IZD of 2mm and 3mm respectively. The combination of both extracts gave MIC of 25mg/ml and a mean IZD of 1mm. Both extracts didn’t exhibit any effect on the other 3 isolates. Statistical analysis using ANOVA showed the values were significant at p<0.05 for antibacterial activity of G. kola, M. acuminata and the combined extracts against S. aureus, also significant for G. kola (p<0.05) against E. coli but insignificant for M. acuminata and the combined extracts (p>0.05). This study proved that M. acuminata and G. kola extracts can be used for oral hygiene, but not in combination
Natural products such as plant extracts provide unlimited opportunities for new drug discoveries because of the unmatched availability of chemical diversity. Cola lepidota (Sterculiaceae) commonly called Monkey kola, has been used over the years in ethno medicine practice and as food. This research was aimed at the evaluating the effect of the 70% aqueous ethanol extract from the pulp of Cola lepidota on the urease enzyme. The pulp of Cola lepidota was freeze dried and pulverized. The pulverized plant material was extracted exhaustively by cold maceration in 70% aqueous ethanol for 72 hours to afford the 70% aqueous ethanol extract. Phytochemical screening was conducted using standard methods. In vitro anti-urease screening was done spectrophotometrically using the modified Berthelot method. Alkaloid, phenolics, flavonoids, saponins and cardiac glycosides were present in the powdered plant. The 70% aqueous ethanol extract exhibited a significant (p<0.05) activity against urease with an IC50 of 3.3799 mg/ml. In conclusion, C. lepidota fruit has anti-urease activities and could be a source of urease inhibitors for drugs and eco-friendly agrochemicals discovery thus justifying some of its folkloric uses.
Phyllanthus amarus and Costus afer are medicinal plants which are used traditionally for treatment of stomach disorders, cough and other bacterial infections. The ethanol leaf extracts of each of the plant and their combination was assayed in vitro for antibacterial activities using agar disc diffusion method and agar strip diffusion method respectively. The clinical isolated strains of bacterial used includes: Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumonia. The standard antibiotics susceptibility test was also carried out against the test bacterial organisms using the agar disc diffusion method and the result was compared with those of the ethanol leaf extracts. Statistical analysis was carried out using the Anova method; the values were statistically significant at P≤0.05. The ethanol leaf extract of Phyllanthus amarus showed antibacterial activity at 50mg/ml and 150mg/ml against Pseudomonas aeruginosa with a mean inhibitory zone diameter of 7mm and 9mm respectively. When used against Escherichia coli, it had a mean inhibitory zone diameter of 8mm and 9mm respectively and was not effective against Klebsiella pneumonia. The ethanolic leaf extract of Costus afer showed activity at 150mg/ml with a mean inhibitory zone diameter of 9mm against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and there was no activity at 50mg/ml. It also showed activity against Escherichia coli with a mean inhibitory zone diameter of 8mm but was not effective against Klebsiella pneumonia. Thus, Phyllanthus amarus had a more effective antibacterial activity than Costus afer. The antibacterial activity of the two plants in combination when assayed had an antagonistic effect. The plants were more effective when used individually than when used in combination.
In this study, the larvicidal activity of the crude root extract of Ixora coccinea was carried out. 400g of the plant material each was dried pulverized and extracted with sufficient quantity of water, methanol and acetone separately. The extracts were dried, and used for larvicidal assay. The assay was carried out according WHO, 2005 guideline on larvicidal assay with some modifications. The activity was evaluated using six different concentrations of 0.5,1, 2, 3, 4, and 5mg/ml in volume of 100ml of water. it was run in triplicate with control for each concentration. 20 healthy larvae of 3rd instarwas used for each of the triplicate and the control. The activity was monitored every 24 hours for 3 days. The number of death after every 24 hours was observed and recorded. The percentage mortality and the LC50 were calculated. Examination of the results showed that the acetone extract gave the highest mortality after 72 hours with 100% mortality and LC50 of 0.8mg/ml. The methanol extract gave 51.7%mortality with the highest concentration of 5mg/ml used and LC50 of 4.95mg/ml after 72 hours, while the aqueous extract gave 0%activity with the 5mg/ml highest concentration use after 72 hours. The result of this study showed that the acetone root extract of Ixora coccineacould further be worked on to isolated the active principle(s) with the larvicidal activity.
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