The study aims at describing COVID-19 metaphorical representations in media discourse. The analysis of conceptual metaphors in political and medical discourse enables a reconstruction of metaphorically based knowledge of coronavirus in English speech communities. Being produced by world political leaders and media presenters these conceptual metaphors influence the socialunderstanding of the novel disease both directly and indirectly. The study is based on the Conceptual Metaphor theory, Conceptual Integration theory and Discourse analysis. The range of the target domain COVID-19 includes the following source domains: WAR and PERSON. The latter is further elaborated as GUEST, INTRUDER, ENEMY, CRIMINAL, SPY, TEACHER. The focus is on the cross-space mappings which present the sets of systematic correspondences between the target and source domains. The novel conceptualisations based on the conventional use of metaphoric patterns are analysed within the framework of the following cognitive devices: extending, elaboration, questioning, and combining. The conceptual blends and emergent structures that provide additional layers of COVID-19 interpretation are represented by means of Conceptual Integration Networks, namely, double- and multiple-scope models. The analysis reveals that the conceptual metaphor COVID-19 PANDEMIC IS WAR is mostlyrepresented in political discourse that refers to the disease as a general threat to the world. In medical discourse the metaphor COVID-19 IS PERSON is objectified, with further elaboration of the source domain. The correlation COVID-19 IS TEACHER reveals positive connotations of the phenomenon.
The aim: The article is devoted to uncovering the essence of the trauma, identifying the cause of its formation, and investigating the consequences for the person and the community. Materials and methods: The methodological basis of the given study is the interdisciplinary and hermeneutic approach, which was used in combination with the methods of retrospective, analysis, synthesis, and extrapolation, as well as the methodological apparatus of memory studies with its inherent intention of the problem of group identity formation. A prominent place in the process of writing the work played the method of critical literature review. Sources reflecting research on individual and collective dimensions of trauma were found in PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar. Research articles were found using the keywords “trauma”, “traumatic experience”, “victim”, “violence”, “collective trauma”, “cultural trauma”, “memory”, etc. Conclusions: Modern studies of traumatic experience are inextricably linked with the scientific work of Sigmund Freud, who was one of the first to explicate trauma as a destroyer of “protection”. This gave reason to modern researchers to consider it an emotional reaction of the psyche to mental, physical, or cultural violence directed against the identity of an individual or an entire community. Whether inflicted on an individual or a community as a whole, trauma invariably seeks testimony in order to produce meanings and mechanisms capable of preventing violence and preserving the mental health of both the individual and the community as a whole.
The article presents the philosophical analysis of the basic aspects and specificity of conceptualization of the idea of dignity in the contemporary intellectual discourse. The discussion of the issue of dignity is topical due to the urgent need to develop new strategies of social interaction which would correspond to the new sociocultural and civilizational conditions and would take into consideration the specificity of human life and at the same time would establish basic moral intentions of human behavior and identity. In the process of investigation the following methods were applied: dialectical, hermeneutical, phenomenological, and comparative. The analysis has proved that the contemporary intellectual discourse represents dignity as the multifaceted phenomenon that has distinctive ethical, psychological, economic, legal aspects and still preserves its conceptual ambiguity. The idea of dignity proves to be significant not only in the moral, spiritual sphere, but is equally vital in social-political, economic spheres of social life as well as in the everyday human interaction and communication. Dignity is regarded as the value concept, the characteristic feature of a person determined by various and often opposite behavioral imperatives in different sociocultural environments. The idea of dignity inevitably depends on the set of socially meaningful norms and principles that provide the recognition of the self-value of an individual and determine his/her social worth. The research has proved that the unified conceptual definition of dignity in the contemporary reality may become possible only providing the distinct understanding of the sociocultural and worldview grounds for the whole range of dignity connotations. The review of the contemporary theoretical discourse on the issue of human dignity has proved that the concept of dignity is far from being clearly defined; therefore, its clarifying still remains as the significant challenge to the contemporary philosophy.
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