The European Space Agency's Planck satellite, launched on 14 May 2009, is the third-generation space experiment in the field of cosmic microwave background (CMB) research. It will image the anisotropies of the CMB over the whole sky, with unprecedented sensitivity ( ΔT T ∼ 2 × 10 −6 ) and angular resolution (∼5 arcmin). Planck will provide a major source of information relevant to many fundamental cosmological problems and will test current theories of the early evolution of the Universe and the origin of structure. It will also address a wide range of areas of astrophysical research related to the Milky Way as well as external galaxies and clusters of galaxies. The ability of Planck to measure polarization across a wide frequency range (30−350 GHz), with high precision and accuracy, and over the whole sky, will provide unique insight, not only into specific cosmological questions, but also into the properties of the interstellar medium. This paper is part of a series which describes the technical capabilities of the Planck scientific payload. It is based on the knowledge gathered during the on-ground calibration campaigns of the major subsystems, principally its telescope and its two scientific instruments, and of tests at fully integrated satellite level. It represents the best estimate before launch of the technical performance that the satellite and its payload will achieve in flight. In this paper, we summarise the main elements of the payload performance, which is described in detail in the accompanying papers. In addition, we describe the satellite performance elements which are most relevant for science, and provide an overview of the plans for scientific operations and data analysis.
BACKGROUND Prior research focused on the impact of being in a partnership on quality of life from a cross-sectional perspective; the impact of partnership histories has not yet been investigated. OBJECTIVE Based on the life-course paradigm and the theory of cumulative (dis)advantages, we address this research gap. METHODS Using pairfam data, we analyse the influence of partnership histories between ages 14 and 41 on depressiveness, overall life satisfaction, and partnership expectations. We demonstrate the additional value of using life-course clusters over simple sequence characteristics by showing that more detailed and accurate conclusions can be drawn. RESULTS Results highlight that both men and women benefited from being in a stable cohabitational union. 3 Gender differences were found among those who were negatively affected by not establishing a stable cohabitational union. Among men, longterm singles were significantly more depressed, less satisfied, and had more negative partnership expectations than their cohort peers. Among women, those with a history of unstable relationships were less satisfied and had more negative partnership expectations.
In der Geschlechterforschung wird angeregt über den Zusammenhang von Feminismus, Neoliberalismus, demografischer Wende in der Familienpolitik und der sich verändernden Rolle von Müttern debattiert. Dieser Beitrag zielt darauf ab, die Art und das Ausmaß der Rezeption öffentlicher Diskurse um Vereinbarkeit herauszuarbeiten. Hiernach werden insbesondere hochqualifizierte Frauen durch wirkmächtige Leitbilder darauf verpflichtet, Karriere und Mutterschaft selbstständig zu vereinbaren, während die Kritik am asymmetrischen Geschlechterverhältnis weitgehend verstummt. In diesem Beitrag wird auf der empirischen Basis qualitativer Interviews analysiert, ob und wie sich der ‚kritische‘ oder ‚neoliberale‘ Vereinbarkeitsdiskurs in der Alltagskommunikation und in Vereinbarkeitsstrategien berufstätiger Mütter niederschlägt. Als zentrales Ergebnis ist festzustellen, dass diese sich weitgehend als ‚Familienmanagerinnen‘ sehen, die durch gute Planung, Struktur und Organisation Vereinbarkeit selbst herstellen. Der neoliberale mediale Vereinbarkeitsdiskurs wurde von ihnen damit weitestgehend übernommen und in Vereinbarkeitsstrategien umgesetzt, die durch individuelle Lösungen gekennzeichnet sind.
This study analyzed the association between work-family life courses and life satisfaction among 2,542 women aged 60–65 years (born between 1920 and 1957) using German SOEP data and ANOVA models. The results are embedded in a description of the specific role of mothers in Germany (as primary caregivers), different theoretical assumptions (from role theories and theories on cumulative advantages and disadvantages), and prior results (from longitudinal and cross-sectional research). The findings provide strong evidence that motherhood in combination with not working and losing a spouse in middle age is associated with low life satisfaction at higher age. They also show that combining motherhood with continuous part-time work or childlessness with continuous full-time work is positively related to life satisfaction at higher ages. The fact that differences between other patterns are not significant, suggests that only specific combinations of characteristics of work-family life course patterns are associated with well-being at higher ages.
ZusammenfassungDie bisherige Forschung zu übergreifenden Tendenzen des Wandels von Lebensverläufen ist durch unterschiedliche und teilweise ungenaue Verwendungen von Begriffen und Konzepten gekennzeichnet. Der Beitrag schlägt im Anschluss an jüngere methodische Entwicklungen ein mehrdimensionales Konzept der Heterogenität von Lebensverläufen sowie eine sozialstrukturell differenzierte Analyse ihrer Heterogenisierung vor. Empirisch untersucht der Beitrag mit den Daten der National Educational Panel Study (NEPS) (n = 5648) die Heterogenisierung von kohortenspezifischen familialen Lebensverläufen in der ersten Lebenshälfte (15–44 Jahre) mit einem Fokus auf Partnerschaft und Familiengründung. Im Kohortenvergleich zeigt sich für diese Aspekte eine deutliche Differenzierung, aber kein eindeutiger Trend zu Pluralisierung und De-Standardisierung. Formal geringer gebildete Frauen weisen überdurchschnittlich heterogene Verläufe auf, und Gruppenunterschiede verstärken sich im Kohortenvergleich. Insgesamt erweist sich ein mehrdimensionaler Ansatz der Analyse der Heterogenisierung von Lebensverläufen als sinnvoll, um Diagnosen des Strukturwandels analytisch zu präzisieren und unterschiedliche Entwicklungen in Subpopulationen zu identifizieren.
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