The closing year of the 1970s saw the publication of two seminal books (Fowler, Hodge, Kress, & Trew, 1979; Kress & Hodge, 1979/1993) heralding a new direction in the investigation of textual ideologies. This methodology, called Critical Linguistics (henceforth CL), was language-oriented and drew its analytical apparatus from Halliday's Systemic Functional Grammar. Its aim was to "explore the value systems and sets of belief which reside in texts; to explore, in other words, ideology in language" (Simpson, 1993, p. 5 [original emphasis]). Ten years later, Fairclough (1989) took CL to a new plane where linguistic analysis became one of three levels of analysis, the other two focusing on interpreting language as a response to a particular social situation, and explaining this response in the constraining context of social and institutional structures. This approach was called Critical Discourse Analysis (henceforth CDA) and its linguistic component continued to be inspired by Halliday's model. The twenty years that followed produced a plethora of theories of CDA, divergent in their theoretical underpinnings but bound by a concern with investigating the reproduction of ideology in language. In 2010, Jeffries brought the linguistic component back to the forefront with the introduction of Critical Stylistics (henceforth CS). CS draws extensively, but not exclusively, on the linguistic components of CL and CDA. The present paper offers a critical survey of the three-decade developments (1971 through 2010) in the application of linguistic constructs and theories to the investigation of textual ideologies.
This paper examines the fragmentation of the fe/male characters in a one-novel corpus (henceforth, FFFS Corpus). The text is Final Flight From Sanaa, a Yemeni novel written by Qais Ghanem and published in 2011. The paper unfolds how the fe/male characters are introduced and talked about as anatomical parts in order to describe differences or similarities in gender representation, and to explore power relations and cultural differences between the eastern and western men and women. The analysis is done qualitatively using the feminist stylistic approach set out in Mills (1995) and quantitatively with the help of the corpus linguistic tool Wmatrix. Results have demonstrated that although the female and male bodies are almost equally fragmented, they are depicted differently. For example, female characters are introduced in terms of their physical attractiveness and sexuality while their male counterparts are focalized via their colors, physical deficiencies, skills, personality traits and the level of power they possess (whether physical or social).
Modality encodes speakers or writers' attitudes towards, and evaluations of, people and states of affairs. These evaluative attitudes are often ideologically motivated. This paper investigates ideology as carried by modal expressions in Salmon Fishing in the Yemen. Of the ten genres constituting the narrative, the newspaper articles have been selected for analysis. The paper adopts Simpson's (1993) analytical framework, aka Critical Linguistics, in order to achieve three objectives. It aims to identify the modal expressions employed in the selected newspaper articles, classify the relevant modalized, and modally unmarked, statements, and explore the ideological assumptions and evaluations generated by the modal expressions, or their absence, in relation to the characters' attitudes towards each other and towards the thematic developments in the novel. Analysis uncovers a dichotomy constructed between the East and West. The East, represented by the salmon project, Sheikh Muhammad and the Yemeni government, is projected as submissive and inferior.
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