In this project, inset fed type rectangular microstrip patch antenna is designed in CST Design Studio program; produced by printed circuit method on FR4 substrate which has 1.6 mm thickness, 4.3 electrical conductivity value, and measurements are made using nano VNA device with SMA connection in near 2.46 GHz center frequency. Four types of grounding methods with five measurements (two measurements with the first one) which are different from each other in the literature, have been tried on the antenna and the results from the nano VNA device are given. In the study, -27.5 dB (random, according to the author method), -22.5 dB (random, according to the default substrate dimension method), -13.8 dB (2 times of W, L method), -23.8 dB (6 times of h plus W, L method) and -27 dB (12 times of h plus W, L method) S11 values are obtained, respectively, according to the different dimensions of the ground, and the dimensions are shortened in each measurement. The middle frequency takes values between the frequencies of 2.44-2.48 GHz and remains on WLAN frequencies.
Microstrip patch antennas stand out because of their low cost, smaller size and easy fabrication. The study presents the design of a microstrip rectangular patch antenna operating at 2.6 GHz frequency and the effect of different weather conditions on the antenna. During the antenna design on CST program and manufacturing in the laboratory, it is aimed to perform the measurement at the desired frequency and decibel level. The study includes experiments and results made on different types of snow, apart from the normal measurement with the VNA. A good S11 scattering value was obtained at the desired frequency in the designed microstrip patch antenna as -18.48 dB. This value decreased to around -5 dB when there was wet snow on the antenna due to attenuation and thermal effects. If the snow was removed from the antenna, the old S11 value could not be returned because of the wetness left by the snow, and it remained at approximately -14 dB. Consequently, the attenuation of the electromagnetic waves have been confirmed by the literature under different conditions as wet snow with nano VNA for the first time. Attenuation by wet snow and water is greater than dry snow with voids.
Antennas are exposed to various environmental conditions while transmitting or receiving signals. Although they are intended to work outdoors or in areas that will not cause signal attenuation, they cannot always find such an environment. Water puddles in front of the antenna’s radiation pattern due to rain or other reasons cause wave attenuation. The fact that the electrical conductivity value in water is about 80 times higher than in air or space causes a significant decrease in the speed of electromagnetic waves. As a result of these problems, undesirable situations occur in the value of the scattering parameter S11, which is an important feature for antennas. In this study, the theoretical, simulation and production stages of a microstrip patch antenna are done. S11 values are measured by using a Nano-VNA for each of the different environment where salt water taken from the Black Sea coast, fresh water, mineral water, fountain water, and finally in the open air environment. The attenuation values are compared at 2.1 GHz frequency. As a result of the design, simulation and measurements, it has been seen that the main weakening is due to water. Water renders the antenna inoperable.
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