The cold extraction method was used to obtain the methanol extract of the leaf of Combretum mucronatum. The extract was analyzed for antibacterial activities, using some pathogenic bacteria namely: Klebsiella pneumoniae, Streptococcus pyogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus mirabilis, Bacillus cereus, Salmonella typhi and Bacillus subtilis. The antibacterial bioassay was carried out in-vitro and it revealed that the methanol leaf extract inhibited the growth of the tested organisms at a concentration of 25.0 mg/ml except K. pneumoniae and S. pyogenes which were resistant. The extract exhibited the highest inhibitory potential on S. aureus with a zone of inhibition value of 35.0 mm at a concentration of 25.0 mg/ml. This was followed by E. coli and P. aeruginosa which were inhibited with zones of inhibition values 30.0 mm and 25.0 mm respectively. B. cereus was the least inhibited with a zone of inhibition of 16.0 mm. Result of the phytochemical screening tests revealed that the extract contains saponin, tannins, anthraquinone and cardiac glycoside. The rate at which the extract was able to kill the test organisms showed that the organisms decreased with increased time of exposure to the extract. P. aeruginosa decreased to zero at the 24th hour. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the leaf extract ranged from 25.0 to 3.12 mg/ml. The result of the antibiotic sensitivity test compared well with the commercial antibiotics.
Traditional medicine also known as Indigenous or folk medicine comprises of knowledge systems that developed over generations within various societies before the era of modern medicine. The World Health Organization (WHO) defines traditional medicine as the sum of total of the knowledge, skills, and practices based on the theories, beliefs and experiences indigenous to different cultures, whether explicable or not, used in the maintenance of health as well as in the prevention, diagnosis, improvement or treatment of physical and mental illness. The column chromatography was used to collect the crude fractions; solvents like petroleum ether, chloroform and methanol were used. The antibacterial activities of the crude fractions of Calotropis procera (leaf and stem) were evaluated in this study using some selected microorganisms like Escherichia coli, Shigella dysenteriae ATCC 24162, Salmonella typhi and Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC 34089, whereby the plant was extracted using (acetone, methanol and aqueous). The paper disc method was used after which the zone of inhibition around the discs was estimated. The results showed that in the leaf of the plant; E. coli with Aqueous-methanol fraction and K. pneumoniae ATCC 34089 with acetone-petroleum ether fraction had the highest yield of 30mm respectively while in stem; K. pneumoniae ATCC 34089 with methanol-methanol fraction had the highest yield of 25mm. The structural elucidation of the bioactive compounds in the extracts were evaluated using Gc-Ms (Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectophotometry) which reveals the chemical compounds like phenol, methyl palmitate, Phthalic acid, 9-octadecenoic acid and other compounds known for valuable antimicrobial, biological activities and antioxidant properties. The leaves and the stem are having good chemical compounds that can be responsible for the antimicrobial and antioxidant properties.Stevens [5].
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