Carbon adsorbents derived from biomass (agricultural and household residues) have been widely used in the sequestration of hazardous substances from the environment due to their distinctive qualities of large internal surface area, mechanical integrity, and regeneration. The need for carbon adsorbents for sequestration of dyes, heavy metals, and crude oil components has increased because of environmental concerns. This has led to studies of carbon adsorbents derived from agricultural and household biomass residues. These adsorbents have been used to remove pollutants. Although numerous reviews have been published before, analogy of results obtained using different adsorbents is hard due to dissimilarities in research data. Against this backdrop, the purpose of the research survey was to review the contemporary publications regarding the production of activated carbon from biomass sources highlighting specifically its utilization in removing toxic wastes from water solution such as oil spill, dyes, and sundry hazardous substances. Also the work focuses on the methods for the restoration of the spent adsorbents and their end use.

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Two novel heterocyclic ligands, 2-[(5-fluoro-1,3-benzothiazol-2-yl)amino]naphthalene-1,4-dione (HL 1 ) and 2-[(5-methyl-1,3-benzothiazol-2-yl)amino]naphthalene-1,4-dione (HL 2 ), and their Pd(II), Ni(II) and Co(II) complexes were prepared and characterized using 1 H NMR, 13 C NMR, infrared and UV-visible spectroscopic techniques, elemental analysis, magnetic susceptibility, thermogravimetry and molar conductance measurements. The infrared spectral data showed that the chelation behaviours of the ligands towards the transition metal ions were through one of the carbonyl oxygen and deprotonated nitrogen atom of the secondary amine group. Molar conductance results confirmed that the complexes are non-electrolytes in dimethylsulfoxide. The geometries of the complexes were deduced from magnetic susceptibility and UV-visible spectroscopic results. Second-order perturbation analysis using density functional theory calculation revealed a stronger intermolecular charge transfer between ligand and metal ion in [NiL 1 (H 2 O) 2 (CH 3 COO-)] and CoL 1 compared to the other complexes. The in vitro antibacterial activity of the compounds against some clinically isolated bacteria strains showed varied activities. [NiL 1 (H 2 O) 2 (CH 3 COO-)] exhibited the best antibacterial results with a minimum inhibitory concentration of 50 μg mL −1 . The molecular interactions of the compounds with various drug targets of some bacterial organisms were established in a bid to predict the possible mode of antibacterial action of the compounds. The ferrous ion chelating ability of the

Heteroleptic divalent metal complexes [M(L) (bipy)(Y)]•nH2O (where M = Mn, Co, Ni, and Zn; L = Schiff base; bipy = 2,2’-bipyridine; Y = OAc and n = 0, 1) have been synthesized from pyrimidine Schiff base ligand 3-{(E)-[(4,6-dimethylpyrimidin-2-yl)imino]methyl} naphthalen-2-ol, 2,2’-bipyridine and metal(II) acetate salts. The Schiff base and its complexes were characterized by analytical (CHN elemental analyses, solubility, melting point, conductivity) measurements, spectral (IR, UV-vis, 1H and 13C-NMR and MS) and magnetometry. The elemental analyses, Uv-vis spectra and room temperature magnetic moment data provide evidence of six coordinated octahedral geometry for the complexes. The metal complexes’ low molar conductivity values in dimethylsulphoxide suggested that they were non-ionic in nature. The compounds displayed moderate to good antimicrobial and antifungal activities against S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, E. coli, B. cereus, P. mirabilis, K. oxytoca, A. niger, A. flevus and R. Stolonifer. The compounds also exhibited good antioxidant potentials with ferrous ion chelation and, 1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assays. Molecular docking studies showed a good interaction with drug targets used. The structural and electronic properties of complexes were further confirmed by density functional theory calculations.

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Seven chalcone derivatives were synthesized by the Claisen-Schmidt condensation. The structures of the compounds were confirmed by spectral data (Ultraviolet/visible, infrared, nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectroscopy). The compounds were tested for their in silico and in vitro antimicrobial and antioxidant activities. The molecular docking assessments showed that all the compounds exhibited good binding affinity with the target microorganism proteins but, compounds 6e and 6g showed better binding affinity compared with the standards. The antimicrobial test revealed that all the compounds screened were active against Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis and had minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) between 0.4 and 0.6 mg/mL. Compounds 6a, 6c and 6d had moderate activities on Salmonella typhi. Compounds 6b and 6c had moderate activity on Escherichia coli. Compound 6c had moderate activity on Aspergillus niger while compounds 6a and 6e had poor activity. All the compounds except compound 6e had no inhibition against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The in-vitro antioxidant activity was assessed using ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA) as the standard. Compounds 6c, 6e and 6g gave excellent inhibitory activity better than the standard. Compound 6a gave good activity at 500 μg/mL and 1000 μg/mL concentrations but, below the standard at 250 μg/mL and no inhibition at 125 μg/mL. Compound 6d had good inhibition at 500 μg/mL and 1000 μg/mL but, no inhibition at 125 μg/mL and 250 μg/mL. Compound 6b was found to be inactive in all the concentrations. Absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion properties of the compounds were assessed using SwissADME. The results of lead likeness showed that compound 6e is a lead-like molecule.

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