The paucity of standard engineered landfills in Nigeria has given rise to the proliferation of open waste dumpsites. The environment can be impacted negatively by leachates from these dumpsites if not properly managed. This study aimed at assessing the characteristics of municipal solid waste leachate and its contamination potential on surface and groundwater. Leachate, groundwater and surface water samples were collected from refuse dump site, saver pit, borehole and river in the vicinity of the Okuvo refuse dump site. Physical parameters, oxygen demanding parameters, nutrients and heavy metals were investigated using standard laboratory procedures. Results obtained were compared with standards from national regulatory agencies. The BOD/COD ratio for the leachates varied from 0.34 to 0.52, indicating high organic content. Surrounding water bodies show low pollution from the discharged leachates as indicated by unobjectionable odour
ABSTRACT:The objective of this study was to determine the level of phthalate ester plasticizers in Ethiope River water samples. Gas chromatography (GC) coupled with mass spectrometer (MS) was used to evaluate the levels of dimethyl phthalate (DMP), diethyl phthalate (DEP), dibuthyl phthalate (DBP), diethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP), buthylbenzyl phthalate (BBP), di-n-octyl phthalate (DnOP in the water samples. Range of total phthalate level in different locations fell between 0.74µg/L and 1.75µg/L. It was found that Sapele-1 and Sapele-2 had highest total phthalates concentrations. The highest concentrations of phthalates were DBP and DEHP, which is consistent with their common use in plastic materials and other industrial chemicals. It was found that the individual phthalates concentration was low but total phthalate levels were high in most stations. The results for phthalates in the water samples is low but there is the need to guide against an upward rise in the concentrations as these may pose grave environmental and health concern for people living downstream of the river. These results can be used as reference levels for future monitoring programs for pollution studies of the river. © JASEM http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jasem.v20i3.15Key words: phthalates, acid esters, plasticizers, Ethiope River, surface water, pollution Most of the consumer products in our homes consist of additives known as ester plasticizers. They are group of synthetic compounds which are added to products in order to enhance flexibility and durability of the product (Schettler, 2006;Daiem, 2012).Phthalate ester plasticizers provide an array of benefits required for the many applications such as tubing and hose products,personal care products, household furnishing, building materials, children's toys, medical devices, flooring, wall-coverings, seals and gaskets, belts, wire and cable, and print rolls (Gao et al., 2014;Wang et al., 2015). More than three million metric tonnes of phthalates are produced annually. Phthalate plasticizers are not chemically bound to materials; they can leach at a constant rate from plastic products to the environment and consequently, are distributed in the ecosystem and have been described as the most abundant man-made environmental pollutant (Latini2005; Vitali et al., 1997;Zhang et al., 2015).They found ubiquitously in the environment as primarily diethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP), dibutyl phthalate (DBP) and in much lower concentrations dimethyl phthalate (DMP), diethyl phthalate (DEP), and Butylbenzyl phthalate (BBzP or BBP), di-n-octyl phthalate (DnOP), diisononyl phthalate (DINP) Humans are exposed to phthalate mainly via ingestion, inhalation and dermal exposure (Adibi et al., 2003). Phthalate are becoming a great environmental concern because of their ubiquitous nature and studies have indicated various reproductive toxicities and carcinogenic potentials. Phthalates are now known to cause a broad range of birth defects and lifelong reproductive impairment in laboratory animals exposed in-utero (Ema et al., ...
The ecological effects of oil spill on environmental media and organisms (pelagic, bottom dwelling organism) in the riverine areas of Odidi and Egwa in the Niger Delta ecological zone of Delta State was investigated approximately six months after the spill. The content of petroleum hydrocarbons and heavy metals (lead, copper, zinc, iron and chromium) in the water, sediment, fish (Clarias gariepinus) and snail (Pachymelania byronensis) was evaluated to determine the effect oil spill had on the environmental matrix and the organisms. The mean concentration of total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) in the sample matrix (water, sediment) and organisms (fish and snail) from Odidi and Egwa Rivers was above the Department of Petroleum Resources (DPR) limits of 50 mg/L and 5000 mg/kg. The control level of TPH in the media and organisms was less than 5 mg/kg. The mean water concentrations of iron and chromium were above their respective DPR limits of 1.00 and 0.03 mg/L. The concentrations recorded for iron in Odidi and Egwa waters was 2.96 ± 0.01 mg/L and 2.95 ± 0.08 mg/L while chromium was 0.33 ± 0.01 mg/L and 0.34 ± 0.01 mg/L respectively. Similarly, the mean concentrations of heavy metals in the water, sediment, cat fish (Clarias gariepinus) and snail (Pahymelania byronensis) were all significantly different from the control station (P<0.05). In other to prevent the adverse effects on environmental components and organisms resulting from oil spill, immediate clean-up of the environment and remediation measures should be carried out to prevent the bioaccumulative effects that could result from long term exposure to crude oil spill / pollution. This is with the view of safe guarding environmental media, aquatic fauna and subsequently man, who constantly feed on these organisms.
Abstract. The study aimed at assessing the levels of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) concentration in Orogodo River Sediments at Agbor, Delta State, Nigeria. Sixteen sediment samples at different sample point were collected and analyzed; obtained concentrations were compared with exiting standards. Sediment samples were extracted using a mixture of hexane and acetone (1:1), sonicated in an ultrasonic bath (15 min) and placed on a shaker for two hours. Chromatographic analysis was done after solvent exchange, was carried out on the final extract using n-hexane (1000 μl) and injected (1 μl) into a gas chromatographic system coupled with an electron capture detector (ECD). Results from this study revealed that the concentration of PCBs in all the sediment samples under investigation was highest with 0.198 μg/kg in the Agric yard Agbor 2 sample point and lowest with 0.026 μg/kg in the Behind Prison -Agbor 1. The concentration of PCBs for all the sediment samples analyzed ranged in the order: Agric Yard Agbor 2 < Slaugther Agbor 2 < River Ama 1 < Mr. Biggs Agbor 1 < Behind Prison Agbor 2 < River Ama 2 < Mr. Biggs Agbor 3 < Under Bridge Agbor 1 < Mr. Biggs Agbor 2 < River Ama 4 < Agric Yard Agbor 1 < Mr. Biggs Agbor 4 < SlaugtherAgbor 1 < River Ama 3 < Under Bridge Agbor 2 < Behind Prison Agbor 1. The obtained results in this study suggest the urgent need to establish a program for monitoring organochlorine pollutants in our rivers and sediment in other to curb any elevation in concentration of pollutants over the environmental quality standards and appropriate actions taken.
The discharge of untreated wastewater into waterbodies results in water quality deterioration of the receiving waters. This study assesses the impact of abattoir wastewater discharge on the water quality of the Orogodo River in Nigeria. Effluent discharges and water samples were collected from the river at six points over a 6-month period. Physicochemical analyses were conducted using standard methods. The pH was within a fixed band of 5.56-8.04. The downstream biochemical oxygen demand of the receiving river water increased significantly to 75% in July and up to 192% in December. Suspended solids, chemical oxygen demand, total nitrogen and total phosphorus followed a similar trend. Dissolved solids, dissolved oxygen and nitrate also increased appreciably. The downstream levels of these parameters were higher than their corresponding upstream values, indicating that the discharge of the abattoir wastewater into the river has negatively impacted the river water. The dilution of the waste in the river water was not enough to reduce them to acceptable levels. This study demonstrates that abattoir wastewater impacts Orogodo River water negatively. The abattoir effluent did not meet the National standard for effluent discharge into the environment leading to cross pollution of the receiving water based on the parameters investigated. This, therefore, calls for the need to put an effective wastewater treatment and monitoring system in place to enforce existing legislations to curb water pollution and to safeguard both the environment and human health.
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