Samples were collected from the soil surface area, the water surface, sub-surface sediment sand, sand from the river shore, Dead Sea food and dead mangrove vegetation leaves. Test results indicated that the Total Heterotrophic Bacteria (THB) values ranged from (9.0 × 10 3 -2.6 × 10 6 ) cfu/ml with the sample from the water surface having the highest value (2.6 × 10 6 ) cfu/ml and the least with the sample from the sub-surface (9.0 ×10 3 ) cfu/g. The Total coliforms values ranged from (6.9 × 10 3 -2.3 × 10 6 ) cfu/100g with sample from the dead vegetation leaves having the highest value (2.3 × 10 6 ) cfu/100g and the least value from the sample from mangrove substrate (6.9 × 10 3 ) cfu/100g. Among the physico-chemical parameters tested, TDS, lead, copper, chromium, cobalt, zinc, cadmium, nickel and arsenic were within acceptable limits as specified by regulatory agents. However, electrical conductivity, oil and grease, and iron were very high and above specified limits. The pH values ranged from 3.90 -8.15 with the sample from the mangrove substrate having the highest value (8.15) and the lowest value was from the sample from the crude on water surface (3.90). The electrical conductivity values ranged from (1275 -3565) µS/cm with sample from crude band on soil surface having the highest value (3565)µS/cm and the lowest value from the sample from the sub-surface sediment sand (1275) µS/cm. The oil and grease values ranged from (620 -32040) mg/kg with sample from soil surface having the highest value (32040) mg/kg and the lowest value from the river shore sand (620) mg/kg. The high level of oil and grease contamination poses a concern. This therefore, validates the concern that releases of large quantities of oil to aquatic and terrestrial environments present a long term threat to all forms of life. @ JASEM
Delivering efficient and cost-effective drilled and excavated holes require effective prediction of instability along the hole profile. Most drilled and excavated hole stability analyses in the literature are performed for a given zone without considering the influence of depth. This study focused on determining the influence of depth on induced geo-mechanical, chemical, and thermal stresses and strains in drilled or excavated holes. To this end, a new porochemothermoelastic model was developed based on extended poroelastic theory, and the developed model was employed in determining induced strains and stresses for an oil and gas well case study, using data from the literature. The study delineated the different significance levels of geo-thermal-, chemical-, and thermal-induced strains and stresses as depth increased. From the results obtained, it was clear that at shallow depths, chemically induced strains and stress were the most significant formation perturbations responsible for instability of drilled and excavated holes. On the other hand, at deeper depths, geo-mechanical-induced strains and stress were the most predominant. Comparatively, thermally induced strains and stresses were found to be the least significant formation perturbations responsible for instability of drilled and excavated holes. For this case study, the results indicated that chemical strains and stresses were more prominent at depths below 170 m, accounting for more than 50% of the total stresses and strains. At 170 m, both chemical and geo-mechanical stress and strain had equal contributions to the overall stress and strain. However, as depth increased, the percentage contribution of the geo-mechanical component increased and accounted for about 80% of the total strains and stresses at 1000 m, which increased to 98.48% at depths of 6000 m and beyond. The findings of this study will provide guide for future studies on the application of extended poroelasticity theory in solving instability problems of drilled and excavated holes.
Tests were conducted to analyze selected physico-chemical and microbiological parameters from samples of effluent collected from Gulf of Guinea onshore house-boat facilities and offshore oil production platforms at the discharge point to the recipient environment. Among the parameters determined included: Total chlorine, Biochemical Oxygen demand (BOD), Total Suspended Solids (TSS), Dissolved Oxygen (DO) and Faecal coliform. The discharge loads were evaluated and monitored for eight weeks. Test results indicated that the mean value for total chlorine ranged from 0.12 to 0.60 mg/l for onshore and from 0.26 to 1.4 mg/l for offshore. The BOD5 mean values for the onshore facilities ranged from 15.3 to 52.5 mg/l, for the offshore facilities, it ranged from 27.60 to 117.7 mg/l. The onshore result of the TSS mean values ranged from 53.9 to 62.4 mg/l, the offshore facilities ranged from 77.1 to 242.6 mg/l. The DO mean value results from the onshore facilities ranged from 3.6 to 6.2 mg/l and the result from the offshore facilities ranged from 4.8 to 5.60 mg/l. The faecal coliform for the onshore facilities had a mean value which ranged from 4.0 to 30.1 MPN/100ml, while the offshore facilities had mean value range of 7.4 to 42.0 MPN/100ml. Most of these results are higher than limits specified by the Department of Petroleum Resources (DPR) and an indication that the recipient environment is polluted and poses a great concern. There is therefore utmost need for further treatment before discharge for those parameters that indicated higher ranges than specified for effluent discharge.
The aim of this study was to estimate the electricity generating potential of three (3) dumpsites in specified locations of Obio/Akpor LGA of Rivers State, Nigeria using the Columbia Landfill Gas Model Version 1 developed for the United States Environmental Protection Agency Landfill Methane Outreach Programme (LMOP) as well as determine using the LMOP Landfill Gas Energy Benefits Calculator, the environmental/energy benefits of landfill gas to energy projects at the sites. The study involved literature review of waste management practice in the State, selection of study sites, consultation with relevant regulatory bodies in the State, field visits, waste burden quantification as well as data analysis. The findings from the study showed that two dumpsites have the potential to generate 0.5MW whilst the third dumpsite could generate 0.3MW of electricity if a comprehensive landfill gas collection system is installed in year 2015. Landfill gas energy projects of these sizes can provide power for about 500 homes. With rapid population growth in Port-Harcourt City and a corresponding increase in municipal waste generation, it is imperative to develop efficient landfill gas (LFG) to energy projects at landfills and dumpsites. This will not only reduce greenhouse gas emissions but improve local air quality, and control environmental pollution. The projects will also provide economic benefits to the community and the energy end user.
The aim of this research was to determine the pressure drop along a 450 km long multiproduct pipeline. Empirical formulae and quantitative methods were applied in order to establish pressure drop as an operating parameter. Flow rates used were obtained from the daily operation records of two consecutive years and were in the range of 629 – 765 m3/hr. Using four methods, observed pressure drop results when pumping products through the pipeline were as follows: Shell-MIT was 954.5 – 1411.9 bar (gasoline), 1257.6 – 1860.3 bar (kerosene) and 1535.0 – 2270.5 bar (diesel); Benjamin Miller was 0.509 – 0.728 bar/km (gasoline), 0.693 – 0.988 bar/km (kerosene), 0.773 – 1.101 bar/km (diesel); T. R. Aude was 0.590 – 0.841 bar/km (gasoline), 0.814 – 1.161 bar/km (kerosene), 0.907 – 1.294 (diesel); Darcy was 0.578 – 0.857 bar/km (gasoline), 0.703 – 1.042 bar/km (kerosene), 0.858 – 1.272 bar/km (diesel). Simulations using pipe-flow wizard were carried out in order to authenticate the calculated parameters. Results confirmed that Shell-MIT method is only applicable to crude oil pipelines. From comparison of calculated pressure drop, Benjamin Miller’s method was most preferred as it observed the least value within the same flow rate range. Simulation results validated the calculated pressure drop and therefore, calculated Benjamin Miller’s and T. R. Aude’s values are recommended for use in further review study of the said pipeline.
Aim: The aim of this study was to analyze and determine the treatment efficiency of drill cuttings using the Thermal Desorption Technology. Study Design: Drill cuttings were obtained from a work-over drilling operation with samples obtained at a depth of 2,750m from a typical well for this baseline study. The aim is to analyze the physical and chemical characteristics of the drill cuttings in a laboratory before and after the thermal desorption processes. A second drill cutting sample from another field location at the same depth of 2,750m was used for comparison during the analysis. Place and Duration of Study: Port Harcourt, Rivers state, Nigeria (Laboratory analysis was done at Anal Concept Ltd, Port Harcourt, Rivers state, Nigeria and the thermal desorption unit is situated at the Initiates Plc, Etche LGA, Rivers state, Nigeria). Methodology: A representative sample feedstock of cuttings was collected before and after the thermal treatment. The drill cutting sample was taken from a mixing tank by using a cup and auger. The samples of the cuttings were made for each case of the grab samples, and the samples later transferred into 500mL glass bottles. The sample contaminants were analyzed in a chemical laboratory using standard methods for determining the pH level, Electrical Conductivity, Moisture Content, Organic Pollutants and Heavy Metals. Results: The result showed significant reductions in all the pollutant concentrations after the drill cuttings were treated with the Thermal Desorption Unit. Moisture Content (MC) and the Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon (TPH) decreased significantly by 86% and 93% respectively. The concentration of the combination of Benzene, Toluene, Ethylbenzene and Xylene (BTEX) reduced drastically by 98% and the heavy metals concentration levels were also reduced after treatment with the TDU. Also, the laboratory analysis result of the treated drill cuttings shows that the pH level, Electrical Conductivity, Moisture Content, Organic Pollutants and Heavy Metals concentrations did not exceed the recommended Department of Petroleum Resources (D.P.R) limits. Conclusion: This research reveals that the thermal desorption technology is the most economical, efficient and environmentally friendly method of waste management due to its contaminant removal efficiency. This method enhances product recovery and subsequent recycling which helps to reduce environmental impact and prevent economic losses.
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