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All around us today there is a clear evidence proof suggesting an observable influence by human on biogeochemical cycles which are likely to cause serious consequences for humanity. Activities of human affects the biogeochemical cycles, both directly as well as indirectly. If scholars were able to make clear the degree of how specific human actions is affecting the biogeochemical cycles, they (researchers) would be able to come up with ideas on how to better position toward suggesting strategies aimed at mitigating against disturbances that are worst. This paper aims at exploring how human activities affect the balance of biogeochemical cycles in relation to the Carbon, Nitrogen and Hydrologic Cycles. A literature analysis attempts to use a diversity of search engines such as Scopus, Researchgate, PubMed, Google Scholar, Summon, Hinari, CAB Abstract, OARE Abstract, Academia, Dimension, Mendeley, SSRN search strategy toward retrieving research publications, “grey literature” as well as expert reports from working group. This paper review some of the work done on this topic as well as locate the converging results of interest in all the studies as well as proffered solutions toward this menace with the purpose of forestalling future occurrence. Due to the actions of numerous human activities, the characteristics/features of several components of biogeochemical cycles are experiencing changes which are most likely led to long-term changes. It is essential to forecast the magnitude as well as degree of these changes so that the needed ameliorative actions could be originated well in time.

Shortly after the recent fire’s disaster in Lagos, Kano, Katsina and Oyo market in Nigeria, an account of the activities and initiatives of para-military agencies in disaster management was conducted. A review of these inventories shows some significant changes in both the types of activities being undertaken by para-military agencies. The inventories document a rapid increase in the number of roles played in recovery. In building resilience to all hazards, it is necessary to better understand the roles that different para-military agencies played, not only in recovery, but across all levels of disaster risk reduction. These roles range from leading first aid through to co-producing knowledge underpinning risk management strategies and actions. Every para-military agency has the capacity to weave disaster readiness, response and recovery, and risk reduction into their core organization mandate, and therefore represent a valuable, though often underestimated and poorly understood resource. Hence, it is therefore recommended that there is need to build the collaboration of the various agencies of government and partner international organizations and also build the capacities of the implementation agencies and regulatory bodies, their influence over the lifecycle be increased and public awareness increasing around issues related to disaster risk, while promoting public participation in the processes of development. This view provides much needed guidance to decision makers to take action towards a more resilient future.

Background Climate change and its impact have taken centre stage in contemporary political economic discourse. Climate change is posing complex problems that far outweighs the solutions suggested by the conventional analytical tools used for guiding responses to major environmental challenges. This is particularly the case in developing countries like Nigeria. Unsurprisingly the concept of community resilience towards climate change has received a great deal of attention from researchers and policy makers. However, community resilience is a contested concept, which leads to disagreement about the methods of achieving it. The nature of community resilience makes the measurement of the efficiency of the policies designed to increase community resilience problematic, particularly in developing countries where limited funds must be prioritised. Methods The research presented uses a Grounded Delphi Method (GDM) to identify how experts in Nigeria define community resilience and reach a consensus on its measurement in Nigeria’s context and other developing nations. The data collection involved three rounds of Delphi with a panel of 21 experts, the first round employed semi-structured interviews, following the exploratory Delphi approach, and subsequent rounds employed online surveys. Findings: The findings indicate that there is a process of stages that communities need to go through to become resilient to climate change. These begin with coping with climate change, followed by adaptation to climate change with the final stage being transformation in the face of climate change. Twenty indicators are identified categorised under eight elements that are suitable for measuring community resilience at the different stages of this process. It is interesting to note that the experts in Nigeria who participated in the study excluded notions of transformation in their conceptualisation of community resilience illustrating a potential gap in their perceptions of the requirements for how communities can become fully resilient. Conclusion This research provides a method of prioritising specific, measurable indicators to inform policies designed to reduce the impacts of climate change by supporting community resilience in the context of developing countries with limited funding.