Nigeria with an estimated $350 per capital annually still ranks near the bottom 158 out of 177 countries in the UN Human Capital Development Index in terms of per capita income, with more than half of the population living in poverty. Over the past decade U5MR is estimated to be 201 deaths/1000 lives births, the high rates of child mortality especially the 0-5 years shows the total breakdown of social and economic well-being of the country. This paper examined child health care demand in Nigeria using the Nested Multinomial Logit Model estimation technique. The study used parents’ education as a proxy for child education, while the decision to make a choice of the health facilities was also assumed to be that of the House-Hold head. The study found out that female child has a higher probability of seeking health care facility ahead of their male counterpart. Also, the household head educational level was found to be a determinant of health care seeking behavior of the child. Empirical evidence also revealed that that the probability of seeking healthcare increases with household size and that demand for child health care in Nigeria is non linear in nature. Based on this, the paper recommends the need to show greater commitment to child health care and that government should reduce the problems militating against effective performance of the health sector such as, inefficiency, wasteful use of resources, low quality of service and poor enabling environment.
The role of investment in human resources and subsequent multiplier on the economic growth of any nation has been adequately addressed in the literature. Education, a major investment in human resources helps in improving the productivity of labour in the labour market and also in influencing children mental alertness and health outcomes. Maternal education and public health programmes have been found to impact positively on child morbidity in developed countries thereby contributing to the growth of any economy, which will bring about sustainable development and inclusive growth. This work therefore examines the influence of maternal education and public health programmes on child health (morbidity) in Nigeria using the Harmonised Nigeria Living Standard Survey (2009). Descriptive Statistics and two stage least square estimation procedure were used to analyse the data. The results revealed a negative relationship between child immunisation and child health (morbidity) in Nigeria. Equally, the study found out that improving girl child education will go a long way in improving child morbidity. Based on our findings, the study recommends adequate publicity for public health programmes. Also, household income enhancing interventions should be put in place, doing this will go a long way in improving child health and survival, which in the long-run will improve per-capita income and consumption.
Article History KeywordsOptimal pollution tax Perfect competition CO2 emission Domestic firm and endogenous Investment This paper empirically demonstrates the possibility of setting up an optimal pollution tax under imperfect markets and international trade in a domestic economy. The model illustrates a situation of partial equilibrium characterized by imperfect competition among domestic producers, where the domestic good is used as an alternative for an imported polluting commodity. In this paper, we bring in the possibility that the domestic firms can introduce innovative ideas through investment in R&D. The result shows that the optimal pollution tax under domestic economic distortions is a function of a 'domestic production effect' and a 'pollution effect'. The paper concludes that when the firms execute R&D expenditures, the optimal policy adds an 'innovative effect', which captures the change in welfare coming from a reduction in total costs and this lead our results to a win-win situation.Contribution/Originality: The paper contributes in the existing literature by illustrating the case of partial equilibrium characterized by imperfect market among domestic producers. It introduces innovative ideas through the incorporation of investment in research and development. The paper concludes that under a win -win situation optimal environmental policy represent a policy tax.
Poverty is a household name in developing countries such as Nigeria and has been recognized as a major problem inhibiting economic growth and development. As such, this study examined poverty, household characteristics and child health care in Nigeria with the aim of finding out how poverty affects child health care considering host of household characteristics. The theoretical framework is based on household utility maximization derived from the human capital analysis, while logit regression estimation technique was adopted for our analysis. Parental education influenced children health status and also positively significant in child height for age. Also, household size and economic status are also significant factors in determining child health status. The study therefore recommends that government should put in place policies to reduce the identified constraints to child health care.
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