The use of metallic oxides in enhanced oil recovery in the initial stage seems to significantly enhance the productivity from a well by increasing the sweep efficiency, reduce interfacial tension, and reduce oil viscosity among other factors. However, in later stages of the life of the reservoir, it is observed that the technology brings adverse effects such as reduction in the permeability of the reservoir rock, which may cause decline in production and may lead to the abandonment of the reservoir, although there may be sufficient underlying hydrocarbon. This paper studies the extent of permeability alteration due to the aluminium oxide nano-powder, the total amount of recovery due to aluminium oxide nano-powder. It also compares the performance of aluminium oxide nano powder with other selected nano powders, which are silicon oxide and magnesium oxide. In the experiment, the Core Flooding System was used to simulate reservoir fluid flow in the constructed sand packs. The Enhanced Oil Recovery percentages as well as permeability changes were obtained. From the results, in comparison with traditional water flooding, aluminium oxide as well as silicon oxide and magnesium oxide gave high increase in recovery. However, aluminium produced the greatest recovery increase. A higher permeability change was given by aluminium oxide at higher concentration, while at lower concentration, aluminium oxide gave a lower permeability change.
This work evaluates the economics of GTL plant using two synthesis gas methods. The first method called the base case utilizes oxygen as fuel for combustion of natural gas, while the proposed case uses steam/CO 2 instead of Oxygen. The aim is to ascertain a more economically viable GTL configuration for an optimal GTL process. The associated flare gas at Egbema production sites in the Niger Delta has been chosen as case study. The gas flowrate is 50MMscfd of raw natural gas which was pre-treated before being fed into the main GTL plant. The liquid yield result shows that the proposed method has a liquid yield of 5730b/d over the 5430b/d gotten from the base case representing an increase in product yield of 5.5%. The economic analyses show a quicker pay-out time of 4.9 years from the proposed model compared to 5.9 years from the base case. Using the proposed method gave an annual cashflow increase of 20.9% and NPV increase of 59.7% at 10% discount rates. Also the DCF-ROR from the proposed method was 20.3% compared to 16.6% gotten from the base method. Thus the proposed method is more profitable in terms of NPV. The project is recommended for application in the Niger Delta stranded and remote gas locations that have before now been subjected to flaring.
Oil companies'dealing with drilling operations in Nigeria often spends millions of dollars in importation of bentonite for its operations as a result of its importance and high demand. As a result of this, attempt to source for local substitute has been initiated, which if successful would save the nation from this huge capital flight. In this study, a sample of Umuna local clay deposit was evaluated for drilling fluid application. The viscosity and filtration loss was analyzed and it's far below that of the imported bentonite. The properties of the local clay was improved by addingmaterials such as HV-CMC, Drispac polymer and bentonite extenders to the formulated mud to enhance its viscosity and filtration loss Also the shearing speed was increased, but the used speed is limited to practical shearing speed. Theclay yield and characterization of the beneficiated samples show that the treated local clay is slightly comparable to the imported bentonite. The Calcium Exchange Capacity (CEC) result for the clay samples fall within the 70 -150 Meq/100g. This result further suggests that the analyzed clay is of montimorillonite family, with traces of illite which is good for drilling mud production. The obtained results from this study indicates that the filtration loss and plastic viscosity for the analyzed clay samples were generally far from comparing with the imported bentonite, but through beneficiation, they were able to compare with the imported bentonite.
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