Climate change represents an unprecedented threat to global biodiversity and, for many species, gaps in our knowledge of their biology remain acute. Gaps in baseline knowledge, such as confirmed identifications (Linnean shortfalls) and adequate collections (Wallacean shortfalls), need to be minimized with new studies, since this is often critical for effective conservation. Despite the increase in scientific research on primates in the southwest of the Brazilian Amazon, little is known about the species Mico nigriceps (Ferrari & Lopes, 1992) Primates, Platirryni. In the current study, we sought to reduce the extent of the Wallacean shortfall for M. nigriceps, understand whether climate change represents a threat to the distribution of the species, and identify priority areas for its conservation. Accordingly, we provide 121 new records in 14 locations, obtained directly from the field, and five from the literature. Using this, we carried out ecological niche modeling, to better understand how environmental suitability might limit the area occupied by the species. We then projected a distribution for 2070 with the SSP2-4.5 (more optimistic) and SSP5-8.5 (more pessimistic) scenarios. Our data confirmed the geographic distribution of the species as being restricted to headwaters of the Ji-Paraná/Machado river, but with a 400 km extension to the south. Under the modeled climate change scenarios, the area suitable for the species declines by 21% under the most optimistic, and by 27% in the pessimistic, scenario across the projected 50-year period. Although we have expanded the area of known occurrence for this species, we point out that climate change threatens the stability of this newly-discovered population strongly, and that this danger is intensified by deforestation, fire and hunting. We recommend that further studies be carried out to confirm the presence of the species in adjacent areas, those indicated by generated models as being potential environmentally suitable. In addition, we recommend intensifying forest restoration in currently pastured areas, and protection of the areas forming the current and future habitat of this species through such measures as protected area creation.
Resumo: Sapajus cay (Illiger, 1815) (Primates, Cebidae) é uma das principais espécies de primatas predadores de vertebrados neotropicais. Durante a realização de estudos ecológicos sobre a biodiversidade do Pantanal um evento de predação de um indivíduo de Mico melanurus (Primates, Callitrichidae) foi registrado na pousada Recando do Dourado, município de Cáceres, estado do Mato Grosso, Brasil. Essa predação ocorreu no dia 08 de novembro de 2017, pico da estação seca, em uma faixa estreita de vegetação ripária com aproximadamente 15 m de largura. Dois machos adultos de S. cay perseguiram seis indivíduos de M. melanurus demonstrando estratégia cooperativa na captura da presa. Após a captura, um indivíduo de M. melanurus foi morto com uma mordida no abdômen e somente os dois machos consumiram a presa. Restos do indivíduo de M. melanurus que caíram no solo foram recolhidos por fêmeas e jovens de S. cay, que logo desapareceram na vegetação. Nesse local, foram observados 84 indivíduos de S. cay. Palavra-chaves: interações interespecíficas; macaco-prego; predador; primatas. OPPORTUNISTIC PREDATIONS OF Mico melanurus (PRIMATES, CALLITRICHIDAE) BY Sapajus cay (PRIMATES, CEBIDAE) IN ECOTONE BETWEEN THE PANTANAL AND THE AMAZON. Sapajus cay (Illiger, 1815) (Primates, Cebidae) is one of the main species of predatory primates of Neotropical vertebrates. During ecological studies on the biodiversity of the Pantanal, a predation event of one individual of Mico melanurus (Primates, Callitrichidae) was recorded at the Recando do Dourado lodge, in the municipality of Cáceres, state of Mato Grosso, Brazil. This predation occurred on November 8, 2017, peak of the dry season, in a narrow strip of riparian vegetation approximately 15 m wide. Two S. cay adult males chased six individuals of M. melanurus demonstrating cooperative strategy to catch prey. After the capture, one individual of M. melanurus was killed with a bite in the abdomen and only the two males consumed the prey. Remains of the
Assessing the conservation status of species is essential for implementing appropriate conservation measures. A lack of evidence of threats, rather than showing an absence of impacts, could reflect a lack of studies on how human activities could result in species population declines. The range of Prince Bernhard's titi monkey Plecturocebus bernhardi is restricted to the Arc of Deforestation, a deforestation hotspot in south-eastern Amazonia. Despite this, it is categorized as Least Concern on the IUCN Red List. To reassess the conservation status of P. bernhardi, we carried out surveys during 2015–2017 to delimit the geographical distribution of the species and estimate its population density and abundance. We then used spatial predictive modelling to examine future habitat and population loss within its range. Plecturocebus bernhardi occurs over an area of 131,295 km2. Its mean group size was 2.8 individuals/group and its density 10.8 individuals/km2 and 3.8 groups/km2. Habitat loss was estimated to be 58,365 km2 (32.3% of its current range) over the next 24 years (three P. bernhardi generations) under a conservative governance model of deforestation and 105,289 km2 (58.3%) under a business-as-usual model. These numbers indicate that P. bernhardi is threatened and should be categorized as Vulnerable, at least, using the IUCN Red List criteria. We recommend the reassessment of other Least Concern primate species from the Arc of Deforestation using a similar approach.
We update the geographic distribution of Sapajus cay in the south-central, southeast, and western portions of Mato Grosso state, Brazil, and extend the distribution of this species north to the Cabixi River at the border with the state of Rondônia. Data were obtained from field surveys. We observed individuals of S. cay in highly fragmented forests which have been impacted by the deforestation over the past 50 years. This is an alarming situation for the conservation of the region's fauna.
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