Health Impact Assessment (HIA) is often a single bullet point on an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) or Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) checklist and needs to be better mainstreamed. Hence, it is a decision-aid tool used for better consideration of health implications of actions and a process to ensure sustainability of decisions and not a document preparation formula. It is a strong strategy for collaborating with other sectors to address the environmental determinants of health and to achieve the most effective objectives for sustainable development goals and could help promote healthy public policy in different sectors. The thrust of this study is to strengthen, inform and influence decision-maker towards the potential benefits of using HIA as a tool for sustainable development goals, by providing information on environmental/health consequences for decision making and to understand the concept, principles, procedure, and benefits of conducting HIA. The need for HIA in Nigeria seems to be increasing as the modifiable determinants of health in populations are rooted primarily in characteristics of the physical and social environments, thus requiring inter sectoral analyses of possible health-promoting policies and projects. The benefits and weaknesses of HIA should be communicated to other public health practitioners, policymakers, and the public. It can provide helpful information to policymakers and stakeholders about potential health impacts, but it cannot independently create healthy public policy. This review highlights the key elements of these advances and characterizes their contribution to the improvement of standards and methodologies of HIA and compares different approaches to HIA, and emphasizes a better understanding of these advances is needed before environmental scholars and practitioners can begin to gather relevant information, analyze them within credible research designs and generate reliable evidence about the effectiveness of the myriad proposed solutions to global health, environmental and social problems. Lessons learned from related field of EIA and experience with HIA can help improve the likelihood that HIA can fulfil its long-term goals of advancing and promoting

School midday meal depends on the quality and supply of high-quality protein vegetables-cowpea, which is not only an important nutritional food in the student's diet but also it has health beneficial phytochemicals-properties including anti-diabetic, anti-cancer, anti-hyperlipidemia, anti-inflammatory and anti-hypertensive properties. But plant diseases caused by pathogens, significantly reduce food production. The pesticides are the most effective means of control, but they are expensive and not environment friendly. To move forward, it will require new and more efficient solutions, technologies, products and it has to fulfil its food and nutrition requirement. Our best endeavor is to focus on the cowpea plants. In a well-protected garden of Kanchannagar D.N. Das High school, naturally-infested with root-knot diseases caused by root-knot-nematode-pathogens, cowpea was intercropped with okra to determine the effects on nematode populations. After harvesting, of the two plant species, cowpea received maximum infection which suggest that rootknot disease easily and effectively controlled by the use of cowpea plants as "Eco-friendly-Catch or -Trap or -Cover-Vegetable-Crop" for root-knot intercropped with okra plants in the naturally root-knot diseases-infested field, protecting other crops from invading larvae and increase soil fertility. The farmers would be benefited double; by controlling root-knot diseases, and by buying and selling the cowpea-okra fruits. And highly-trace-tolerance-cowpea legumes may be used, in vaccine formulations or treatments, as one of the most powerful potential-biomedicine, improving natural immunity against COVID-19, enriching science and technology communication applications food security economy. It is the most; cost-effective, easily-available, safe-edible and prepare able as well as and safe alternative to live replicating COVID-19 Social-Vaccines which restarts, a window of hope and opportunity, for future scientists-researchers to explore their research on Diagnosis and Therapies in Complementary Medicine, Integrative Medicine, and Traditional Medicine, transforming nations to green their recovery the 21st-century economy in the ways forming clean, green, healthy, safe and more resilient.

Mitigation of metal toxicity by the use of different amendments may be an important strategy for improving the plant growth and yield in metal polluted soils. Present study aimed to evaluate the efficiency of different amendments including Phosphate Rock (PR), Silicon (Si), Farmyard Manure (FYM) and Bacterial Inoculation (BI) either individually or integratedly for the detoxification of Cadmium (Cd) in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.). Experimental plan consisted of three Cd levels (control, 20 and 40 mg kg -1 ), two PR levels (control and 5 g kg -1 ), two Si levels (control and 100 mg Si kg -1 as sodium silicate), two FYM levels (control and 5% w/w of soil), two BI levels (non-inoculated and inoculated) and integrated use of PR+Si+FYM+BI. Results revealed that Cd concentration increased by 14.3 and 16.5 times in roots, 12.0 and 21.6 times in stems, 17.0 and 45.0 times in upper leaves while 21.0 and 34.0 times in lower leaves, and 6.6 and 11.0 times in achenes at Cd-1 and Cd-2, respectively compared with control, with the subsequent reduction in plant growth, yield and physiological characteristics of sunflower. All the four amendments were effective to mitigate the deleterious effects of Cd on sunflower growth, yield and physiological behavior in the order of PR+Si+FYM+BI > Si > BI > PR > FYM. Integrated use of PR+Si+FYM+BI reduced Cd concentration by 77.1 and 83.3% in roots, 76.0 and 82.1% in stems, and 85.4 and 85.9% in achenes, while reduced malondialdehyde by 69.7 and 67.4%, with a corresponding improvement in chlorophyll 51.0 and 79.4%, photosynthetic rate 30.5 and 79.4% while achene yield 65.8 and 76.7% at Cd-1 and Cd-2, respectively compared with respective Cd treatments without amendments. In conclusion, integrated use of different organic and inorganic amendments could be an important strategy to mitigate Cd toxicity in sunflower.

Background:The elderly population is rapidly growing, and there is limited evidence for the use of statins for primary prevention of Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease (ASCVD) in this population. Objective:The primary outcome of this study was a composite of the patient's first cardiovascular event, defined as cardiovascular death, non-fatal Myocardial Infarction (MI) or non-fatal stroke (Three Point Major Adverse Cardiovascular Events: 3P-MACE).Methods: This retrospective study examined the effect of statin therapy for primary prevention of cardiovascular outcomes in patients at least 75 years of age on moderate to high-intensity statin therapy.Results: A total of 1853 patients were included in this study. Patients were more likely to experience the composite endpoint if they were in the statin group compared to the control group (19.7% versus 13.2%, p=0.0004). Patients in the statin group were significantly more likely to have a non-fatal MI or stroke compared to the control group (3.2% versus 0.5%, p<0.0001 and 14.1% versus 10.4%, p=0.0193). Patients with diabetes were less likely to die from any cause if they received statin therapy when compared to the control group (19.18% vs. 43.58%, p<0.0001). Conclusion:In conclusion, statin therapy appears to be beneficial in elderly patients with diabetes. However, the same therapy was found to have no benefits against the primary composite endpoint in this population of patients.

Recent climate changes make the use of wastewater an emerging priority in many parts of the world to meet food security. However, wastewater use without adequate precautionary measures may deteriorate soil health as well as crop yield and quality due to the presence of heavy metals. The present study aimed to investigate the protective role of silicon (Si) against the harmful effects of wastewater on growth, yield, and metal accumulation in radish (Raphanus sativus L.). Experimental plan comprised of wastewater and six Si levels (0, 40, 80, 120, 160 and 200 mg Si kg soil -1 as potassium silicate), with five replications. Silicon as potassium silicate (K 2 SiO 3 ) was thoroughly mixed into soil before filling the pots. Recommended dose of Nitrogen (N), Phosphorus (P) and Potassium (K) fertilizers, 960 mg N pot -1 as urea, 960 mg P 2 O 5 pot -1 as triple superphosphate and 1200 mg K 2 O as potassium sulfate, were applied. Results revealed that all levels of added Si could alleviate the deleterious effects of wastewater on plant growth and yield characteristics, more pronounced protective effects at 120 mg Si kg -1 . There was an increase of 53.10% in shoot length, 113.74% tuber length, 50.0% tuber diameter and 68.63% tuber yield plant -1 with 120 mg Si kg -1 compared to wastewater irrigation without Si. It was found that N concentration improved by 37.60% in leaf and 37.58% in tuber, P 48.47% in leaf and 41.37% in tuber while K 39.11% in leaf and 36.38% in tuber with 120 mg Si kg -1 compared to wastewater irrigation without Si. Lead (Pb) concentration reduced by 27.24%, Arsenic (As) 33.89%, Nickel (Ni) 35.13%, Cadmium (Cd) 32.87%, and Chromium (Cr) 57.14% in radish leaves with 120 mg Si kg -1 compared to wastewater irrigation without Si. Moreover, plant available fraction of heavy metals in soil also markedly reduced with Si under wastewater irrigation. In conclusion, Si could protect radish plants against wastewater-induced metal toxicity by improving the concentration of N, P and K while decreasing Pb, As, Ni, Cd and Cr in plants. Wastewater could efficiently be used for growing radish by amending with Si, particularly at 120 mg Si kg -1 . However, future studies on wastewater utilization with Si can be extended to other vegetables.

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