Dietary supplements are currently popular because of their natural origin, especially male enhancement products. However, some of these products have been found to contain erectile dysfunction drugs that inhibit the enzyme phosphodiesterase-5 (PDE-5), leading to adverse effects on human health. In this study, capillary electrophoresis with capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detection (CE-C4D) was used to determine four PDE-5 inhibitors (including acetyl vardenafil, homosildenafil, hydroxy acetildenafil and mirodenafil) in dietary supplement samples. The optimum analytical conditions included electrolyte solution of 20 mM arginine (Arg)/acetic acid (Ace)/acetonitrile (ACN) 20% pH 6.5, silica capillary 50 μm inner diameter with effective length of 50 cm, separation voltage of 20kV, siphoning hydrodynamic injection at a height of 25 cm for 30 s. At the optimum analytical conditions, the limits of detection of acetyl vardenafil, homosildenafil, hydroxy acetildenafil, and mirodenafil were 2.1, 1.6, 2.3, and 1.3 mg/L, respectively. The analysis of four PDE-5 inhibitors by CE-C4D also showed good repeatability (< 5 %) and recovery (> 97 %). This method was further applied to simultaneously determine the amount of acetyl vardenafil, homosildenafil, hydroxy acetildenafil, and mirodenafil in three functional products. All four PDE-5 inhibitors were not detected in these samples. To demonstrate the utility of this method, the mixture of four PDE-5 inhibitors standard solutions was added to three samples. The recovery was between 98.8 % and 100.6%, illustrating the potential applicability of the method of determining PDE-5 inhibitors in dietary supplement samples.
Pericardial calcification (PC) typically appears following pericarditis
or trauma. The aetiologies of other conditions, such as chronic
idiopathic pericarditis, post-cardiac surgery, and mediastinal
irradiation, can result in the development of calcified pericardium.
This case reports an encounter treating constrictive pericardium which
is a belt ring resulting in cardiac champer malformation.
STEAM education is an interdisciplinary teaching concept that combines art with traditional STEM subjects: Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics. For children with ASD 3-4 years old in a specialized environment, the characteristics of STEAM education provide children with many opportunities, including developing children's vocabulary. This article refers to the design of vocabulary development activities for children with ASD 3-4 years old through organizing activities\classes combined with STEAM education in a specialized environment, thereby helping children develop vocabulary, receive and use vocabulary in appropriate situations.
This report presents observational results of seasonal variations for nearly one year of the oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Diptera: Tephritidae), collected using Malaise trap in mango orchards in Cao Lanh city, Dong Thap Province and the seasonal fluctuations of the pest were analyzed. A Malaise-trap was set in the mango orchard from June 2018 through April 2019 in Cao Lanh city, Dong Thap Province to investigate the occurrence of Bactrocera dorsalis. In the study, the total 1,335 specimens collected from a Malaise trap were shown that a strong dominance of Bactrocera dorsalis over the two other fruit fly species, being Bactrocera cucurbitae and Bactrocera zonata was recorded. The species oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis, frequently appeared in mango orchards, with low numbers from July 2018 the February of the next year. The number of adult fruit flies markedly increased from mid-March to mid-June. Meanwhile, the number of adults entering traps peaked in mid-June 2018 and early April 2019, depending on the development cycle of mango trees. After that time, the density of fruit fly significantly reduced from early August to December.
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