The densities and viscosities for the binary systems of ionic liquid 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate, [Bmim][BF4], with the molecular solvents: dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) and ethylene glycol (EG), were measured over the whole concentration range in the temperature range from (293.15 to 353.15) K by using an Anton Paar DMA 4500 densimeter and an Anton Paar AMVn measuring assembly, respectively. The temperature dependence of density and dynamic viscosity both for pure [Bmim][BF4] and its binary mixtures can be described by an empirical linear equation and by the Vogel-Fucher-Tammann (VFT) equation, respectively. The excess molar volumes, V
E, were calculated by using the measured experimental data and fitted to a Redlich−Kister equation. These values are negative for the [Bmim][BF4] + DMSO system and positive for the [Bmim][BF4] + EG system over the whole composition range at investigated temperatures. The V
E results have been analyzed using the Prigogine−Flory−Patterson (PFP) theory, which can explain the volumetric behavior of the investigated binary mixtures.
This paper reports experimental data of density and refractive index for the binary systems of 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate, [Bmim][BF4], with 1,4-dioxane, and 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate, [Emim][BF4], with 1,4-dioxane and ethylene glycol (EG). Moreover, for the system [Bmim][BF4] + EG we report here refractive index data. The measurements for the systems with EG were made over the entire composition range at atmospheric pressure (101 ± 2 kPa) and in the temperature range from (293.15 to 353.15) K for densities and from (298.15 to 323.15) K for refractive indices. Because at room temperature the mixtures of both ionic liquids with 1,4-dioxane have indicated partial immiscibility, liquid−liquid phase equilibrium was determined. The excess molar volumes, V E , and deviations in refractive index, Δn, were calculated by using the measured experimental data and correlated by the Redlich−Kister type equations. V E values are positive for the system with EG and negative for both systems with 1,4-dioxane, Δn presenting an opposite sign. To probe the interactions in mixtures and to correlate the excess molar volumes of the mixtures the Prigogine−Flory−Patterson (PFP) theory has been used. Moreover, to correlate V E and predict density and refractive index of the mixtures the Lorentz− Lorenz equation was applied.
Renewable energies have an essential role in reducing various forms of pollution. The policymakers within the European Union place more and more emphasis on the replacement of internal combustion engine vehicles with electric vehicles in order to reduce emissions. The aim of this research is to analyze the current trends in producing and using renewable energy until 2028 and to estimate the impact of replacing the current internal combustion engine cars with electric cars. The significance of this study emerges from the estimation of the amount of electricity needed to replace current cars with electric cars and if it can be covered from green sources, based on the forecast of green energy until the year 2028. In addition, we also calculate in this study the impact on the public budgets of the European Union member states, as a result of the reduction of excise duties for fuels, following the reduction of their consumption. The research was carried out based on the extensive literature on the subject and data from Eurostat. The data used in this study are from 1990 to 2021. In this research we have used the IBM SPSS application with two of the most used forecasting algorithms: exponential smoothing model and autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA), based on the statistical analysis of the historical data. The estimated results showed that the replacement of traditional fuels will lead to an increase of 12.18% for electrical energy, and it could be covered 100% from green sources, if needed, even before 2028. There are many implications of this study for policymakers and the population. The results show that we still need policies to stimulate electricity production from renewable sources. There is a challenge regarding reducing government revenue due to fuel excises, which can be compensated by updating tax policies, with an impact on population and living standards. Furthermore, maintaining and adapting support schemes for electric cars, as well as expanding electric car infrastructure and smart grids are also challenges that need to be addressed by the policymakers and the industry.
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