Several countries suffer from the existence of millions of buried landmines in their territories. These landmines have indefinite life, and may still cause horrific personal injuries and economic dislocation for decades after a war has finished. Therefore, there is a growing demand by these countries for reliable landmine inspection systems. There are several landmine detection techniques that can be used for this purpose. Each technique is suitable for detection under some conditions depending on the type of the landmine case, the explosive material, and the soil. This paper presents an overview of some of the existing landmine detection techniques. These techniques are briefly described and their merits and drawbacks are highlighted and compared. The purpose of this comparison is to shows the ideal conditions and the challenges for each technique. Furthermore, a comparison between landmine detection techniques from the points of view of cost, complexity, speed, safety, false alarm rate and effect of environmental conditions is presented.

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This paper introduces a speech encryption approach, which is based on permutation of speech segments using chaotic Baker map and substitution using masks in both time and transform domains. Two parameters are extracted from the main key used in the generation of mask. Either the Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) or the Discrete Sine Transform (DST) can be used in the proposed cryptosystem to remove the residual intelligibility resulting from permutation and masking in time domain. Substitution with Masks is used in this cryptosystem to fill the silent periods within speech conversation and destroy format and pitch information. Permutation with chaotic Baker map is used in to maximize the benefits of the permutation process in encryption by using large-size blocks to allow more audio segments to be permutated. The proposed cryptosystem has a low complexity, small delay, and high degree of security. Simulation results prove that the proposed cryptosystem is robust to the presence of noise.

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