The results of studies of the evolution of global energy consumption are highlighted, anthropogenic and solar-terrestrial factors of influence on global warming are reviewed. Since the mid-twentieth century, the trend of increasing global surface temperature, one of the indicators of the climate system of our planet, has been investigated. An explanation of the greenhouse effect enhancement is given, as a result of an increase in the concentration of greenhouse gases in the Earth's atmosphere. Along with the anthropogenic concept of global warming, a natural concept is also considered, in which it is believed that the determining factors of increasing surface temperature are natural, associated with cosmogenic cyclical processes, with solar-terrestrial interaction (Earth's rotation around the Sun, precession of the Earth's rotation axis, solar activity cycles and etc.). It is shown that there are approaches that interchange the causes and effects of warming, namely: changes in the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide -this is a consequence of global temperature changes on the
Features of development of electric power industry of Ukraine from the point of view of the formation of the perspective structure of generating capacities of UES of Ukraine and development of renewable energy sources (RES) are characterized. In the analysis of the problem of introduction of RES in the energy system of our country and the use of advanced tariff systems, three levels are identified: the highest level - the UES of Ukraine; middle level – regional energy companies; lower-level - local energy supply systems. It is shown that the study of choosing a strategy for better implementation of dynamic electricity prices, as well as trends in business models for local electricity markets with a combination of physical, communication, information, and business levels are relevant. The peculiarities of Microgrid development as a basic element of the functioning of local electricity markets under the condition of formation of optimal modes of generation and consumption of electricity using dynamic charging, which can provide a significant part of imbalance compensation due to the widespread introduction of RES. The article considers the formation of dynamic prices at the level of local power systems (Microgrid), which have features of both the operation and implementation of business models. The elements of the business model for the local electricity market, which is proposed for the sole owner of all generators and consumers, are analyzed when Microgrid is considered as an independent element of the local market, where a dynamic balance between supply and demand. It is determined that at the level of local energy supply systems charging must be based on dynamic models that will take into account the dynamic nature of generation and regulation of electricity consumption in the system and stimulate appropriate desired actions by the consumer. It is proposed to use the tariff calculation not for the time interval, but for the state, as well as to control the optimal levels of generation and consumption of electricity to use the reference tariff and the formation of reference profiles of generation and consumption of electricity. Modified Frieze reactive power was used to estimate the discrepancy between current and optimal power regimes. References 37, table 1.
Scientific developments, which have been implemented as mandatory to provide a synchronous operation of IPS of Ukraine with the Continental European Power System ENTSO-E are presented. Firstly, it concerns a new level of information maintenance that has been realized by the creation and implementation of a wide range of specialized devices. The features of the construction of information-diagnostic devices are determined. The systems focused on the use of active elements, such as devices and technologies to provide flexible changes in network characteristics, as well as the implementation of electricity conversion to optimize their operation regimes are considered. A special attention was paid to providing a stable operation of the Ukrainian power system, including voltage stability. It covers tools and technologies used to create flexible AC transmission lines. The scenarios for eliminating a major system breakdown with an active power deficit of 1000 MW and other scenarios have been studied. The ways of further research on the development of IPS of Ukraine in the postwar period at the first stages of synchronous operation with ENTSO-E are identified. The paper identifies priority measures and tools aimed to improve the survivability and reliable control of the Ukrainian power system, development of principles and means of adaptation and reconstruction of emergency automatic control of electrical regimes and stability, creating prerequisites for digitalization of the power system. References 35, figures 2.
Ways for the use of energy storage systems (ESS) in electrical networks are considered. The formalization of the general approach to solving the problems of efficient use of ESS in electrical networks is performed. The article shows the mathematical models for evaluating the effectiveness of using ESS and determination of the ESS optimal configuration, including regulation modes of electric networks. The operation of the electrical network with an connected group of four ESS is considered. The standard IEEE 33-node 12.6 kV network was used as a base model. A new target function has been proposed. This function is based on the benefit of installing the ESS and consists of the annual cost of buying / selling electricity by ESS, the annual cost of reducing active losses in the electricity grid due to the operation of the ESS and the corresponding investment costs. The results of optimization calculations using the proposed objective function are given. A comparative analysis of the obtained results was performed. The estimation of the components of the function of the benefit of using ESS under the condition of elimination of deviations of voltage levels in separate nodes of the electric network from the normalized values is performed. References 33, figures 2, tables 2.
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