The glandular trichomes are developed on the aerial organs of Tussilago farfara ; they produce phenols and terpenoids. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum and leucoplasts are the main organelles of the trichome secretory cells. The aim of this study was to characterise the morphology, anatomy, histochemistry and ultrastructure of the trichomes in Tussilago farfara as well as to identify composition of the secretory products. Structure of trichomes located on the peduncles, bracts, phyllaries, and leaves were studied by light and electron microscopy. The capitate glandular trichomes consist of a multicellular head and a biseriate long stalk. Histochemical tests and fluorescence microscopy reveal phenols and terpenoids in the head cells. During secretory stage, the head cells contain smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, diversiform leucoplasts with opaque contents in lamellae, chloroplasts, mitochondria, and microbodies. In the capitate glandular trichomes of T. farfara subcuticular cavity is absent, unlike glandular trichomes in other Asteraceae species. For the first time, content of metabolites in the different vegetative and reproductive organs as well as in the isolated capitate glandular trichomes was identified by GC-MS. Forty-five compounds, including organic acids, sugars, polyols, phenolics, and terpenoids were identified. It appeared that metabolite content in the methanol extracts from peduncles, bracts and phyllaries is biochemically analogous, and similar to the metabolites from leaves, in which photosynthesis happens. At the same time, the metabolites from trichome extracts essentially differ and refer to the above-mentioned secondary substances. The study has shown that the practical value of the aerial organs of coltsfoot is provided with flavonoids produced in the capitate glandular trichomes.

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Sample preparation including dehydration and drying of samples is the most intricate part of scanning electron microscopy. Most current sample preparation protocols use critical-point drying with liquid carbon dioxide. Very few studies have reported samples that were dried using chemical reagents. In this study, we used hexamethyldisilazane, a chemical drying reagent, to prepare plant samples. As glandular trichomes are among the most fragile and sensitive surface structures found on plants, we used Millingtonia hortensis leaf samples as our study materials because they contain abundant glandular trichomes. The results obtained using this new method are identical to those produced via critical-point drying.

A wide range of studies have demonstrated that hyperhomocysteinemia is associated with the risk of schizophrenia, but currently available assumptions about the direct involvement of homocysteine (Hcy) in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia are hypothetical. It is possible that in vivo Hcy is only a marker of folate metabolism disturbances (which are involved in methylation processes) and is not a pathogenetic factor per se. Only one study has been conducted in which associations of hyperhomocysteinemia with oxidative stress in schizophrenia (oxidative damage to protein and lipids) have been found, and it has been suggested that the oxidative stress may be induced by the elevated Hcy in schizophrenic patients. But the authors did not study the level of reduced glutathione (GSH), as well as possible causes of hyperhomocysteinemia—disturbances of folate metabolism. The aim of this work is to analyze the association of Hcy levels with the following: (1) redox markers in schizophrenia GSH, markers of oxidative damage of proteins and lipids, and the activity of antioxidant enzymes in blood serum; (2) with the level of folate and cobalamin (В12); and (3) with clinical features of schizophrenia measured using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS). 50 patients with schizophrenia and 36 healthy volunteers, matched by sex and age, were examined. Hcy in patients is higher than in healthy subjects ( p = 0.0041 ), and this may be due to the lower folate level in patients ( p = 0.0072 ). In patients, negative correlation was found between the level of Hcy both with the level of folate ( ρ = − 0.38 , p = 0.0063 ) and with the level of B12 ( ρ = − 0.36 , p = 0.0082 ). At the same time, patients showed higher levels of oxidative modification of serum proteins ( p = 0.00046 ) and lower catalase (CAT) activity ( p = 0.014 ). However, Hcy is not associated with the studied markers of oxidative stress in patients. In the group of patients with an increased level of Hcy (>10 μmol/l, n = 42 ) compared with other patients ( n = 8 ), some negative symptoms (PANSS) were statistically significantly more pronounced: difficulty in abstract thinking (N5, p = 0.019 ), lack of spontaneity and flow in conversation (N6, p = 0.022 ), stereotyped thinking (N7, p = 0.013 ), and motor retardation (G7, p = 0.050 ). Thus, in patients with schizophrenia, hyperhomocysteinemia caused by deficiency of folate and B12 is confirmed and can be considered a marker of disturbances of vitamin metabolism. The redox imbalance is probably not directly related to hyperhomocysteinemia and is hypothetically caused by other pathological processes or by an indirect effect of Hcy, for example, on the enzymatic antioxidant defence system (CAT activity), which requires further exploration. Further study of the role of Hcy in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia is relevant, since the proportion of patients with hyperhomocysteinemia is high and correlations of its level with negative symptoms of schizophrenia are noted.

The state of the hemostasis system was studied in 9 patients of the middle age group (44 ± 9.94 years) who received thermal trauma on an area of more than 32% (49.4 ± 18.3) of the body surface, accompanied by the development of burn shock. The standard therapy for burn injury was supplemented with HBO sessions. Treatment with hyperbaric oxygen was carried out in pressure chambers BLKS-307, BLKS-307/1. The state of the coagulation, anticoagulant and fibrinolytic links of the hemostasis system, as well as the viscoelastic properties of the blood, were assessed immediately before the HBO session and immediately after it. The total number of comparison pairs was 45. Under the influence of HBO therapy, there was an increase in the activity of antithrombin III (ATIII), protein C (PrS) and a decrease in the viscoelastic properties of blood (p <0.05). Positive deviations in the values of ATIII, Pr C, von Willebrand factor, APTT, prothrombin and thrombin time, fibrinogen, factor XIII, XIIa-dependent fibrinolysis, D-dimers and thromboelastography parameters were revealed. The maximum frequency of their occurrence was recorded for ATIII (95%), the minimum - for the D-dimer (62%). After HBO procedures, undesirable deviations of the hemostatic system parameters were also noted. They were chaotic, were compensated by an increase in the activity of physiological anticoagulants and were not accompanied by complications of a thrombogenic nature. Thus, conducting HBO therapy sessions in the acute period of burn disease increases the activity of physiological anticoagulants and stabilizes the viscoelastic properties of blood. There is a high frequency of occurrence of positive effects of hyperoxia on the components of the hemostasis system. The identification of its undesirable effects indicates the need to monitor the state of the hemostasis system during HBO procedures.

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¹ Петрозаводский государственный университет (ПетрГУ) Россия, 185035, Республика Карелия, г. Петрозаводск, ул. Красноармейская, д. 31 2 ООО «Неофарм-Северо-запад» Россия, 195027, Санкт-Петербург, ул. Большая Пороховская, д. 24 Целью исследования являлась оценка эффективности затрат на лечение пациентов с впервые выявленным туберкулезом с множественной лекарственной устойчивостью. Была рассчитана и исследована клиникоэкономическая эффективность лечения при введении клиент-ориентированного подхода.Материалы и методы. Для выполнения задач исследования были проанализированы официальные ежегодные статистические отчеты противотуберкулезной службы по Республике Карелия за 2012-2014 гг. и 115 медицинских карт взрослых больных, постоянных жителей Республики Карелия, которые находились на стационарном и амбулаторном лечении в течение 2012-2014 гг. в ГБУЗ «Республиканский противотуберкулезный диспансер» (РПТД) по поводу впервые выявленного легочного ТБ с МЛУ МБТ. При анализе затрат учитывалась стоимость лекарственных препаратов, обследования, лечения и питания в стационаре.Результаты. Установлено, что введение продуктовых пакетов снизило затраты на лечение одного пациента с первичной множественной лекарственной устойчивостью в два раза с 1,4 млн руб. до 700 тысяч руб. с 2012-го по 2014 год. Показано, что снижение показателей стоимости лечения одного пациента достигается за счет снижения отрывов от лечения. Расчет окупаемости вложений в продуктовые пакеты показал, что в 2013 году она составила 17 рублей, а в 2014 году -31 рубль.Заключение. Этот показатель показывает рентабельность вложений в клиент-ориентированные методы мотивации пациентов в виде предоставления социальных пакетов.Ключевые слова: туберкулез, множественная лекарственная устойчивость, клинико-экономическая эффективность, клиент-ориентированный подход.Маркелов Юрий Михайлович -д-р мед. наук, профессор, профессор кафедры факультетской терапии, фтизиатрии, инфекционных болезней и эпидемиологии, ПетрГУ,