Purpose. To highlight the problematic issues of using the expert's findings in criminal proceedings on environ mental crimes, to analyze new legislative changes regarding the procedural arrangements for conducting an expert examination in criminal proceedings, to identify their disadvantages and to provide scientifically substantiated pro posals for their solving. Methodology. The results are obtained through the application of general scientific and special research methods: systemstructural, formallogical (dogmatic), comparative, sociological, and statistical. findings. It has been established that in the criminal proceedings on environmental crimes the following types of expert testimony in court are carried out: 1) forensic environmental examinations and expert assessments in the field of environmental protection; 2) forensic examinations; 3) technical expertise; 4) other expertise. It is in these aspects that it is necessary to disclose the essence of expertise as a means of obtaining evidence in criminal proceedings on environmental crimes. The main reasons for the low effectiveness of the use of expert's findings as evidence in crimi nal proceedings about environmental crimes are as follows: improper removal and packaging during the crime scene examination, inspection of objects, search, temporary access to things and documents of objects that are subsequent ly sent by an investigator, prosecutor or counsel for conducting an expert examination in criminal proceedings on environmental crimes; failure of investigators, prosecutors carrying out investigative (search) actions to join relevant specialists who possess special ecological, biological, soilagrochemical, geological, geographic, technical and other knowledge, for the extraction and packaging of these objects; improper storage of objects that are subsequently trans ferred for examination; investigators and prosecutors' delaying the deadlines to initiate the issue of conducting an examination regarding those objects that quickly deteriorate and lose their physical properties; the lack of proper and expert expertise in the specifics of conducting expert examinations in criminal proceedings on environmental crimes. Using the method of system analysis and the formallogical (dogmatic) method of research, it is proposed to con solidate the procedural arrangements for the appointment of an expert examination in criminal proceedings, which was in force until March 16, 2018, in the current legislation of Ukraine. In order to increase the effectiveness of the implementation of the principles of competition in criminal proceedings on environmental crimes, it is proposed to supplement Art. 243 CPC of Ukraine with new provision. originality. The grouping of expert testimony in court carried out in criminal proceedings on environmental crimes has been improved: 1) forensic environmental examinations and expert assessments in the field of environ mental protection and protection; 2) forensic examinations; 3) technical expertise; 4) other expertise. The article analy...
Investigating violations of the laws and customs of war is a relatively new area of activity for law enforcement agencies in Ukraine. Although some experience of such investigations has existed since 2014, the international armed conflict that began on February 24, 2022, identified almost all forms (methods) of violation of the laws and customs of war, which requires a comprehensive analysis and correct understanding of the rules of international humanitarian law that define the rules for participants in armed conflict. The purpose of the research is to define some circumstances to be proved in the course of the investigation of violations of the laws and customs of war and to disclose their content with due regard for the rules of international humanitarian law which determine the specifics of the object of proof in such criminal proceedings. The research employs philosophical (dialectical and hermeneutical), general scientific (systemic, historical, functional), and special scientific (comparative jurisprudence, technical-legal, and interpretation of legal provisions) methods of cognition. The work is based on the provisions of the treaty and customary law of armed conflict, the practice of its application at the national and international level, national law providing for liability for violation of the laws and customs of war, the procedural procedure for investigating criminal offences, and forensic recommendations for investigating particular types of crimes. Based on the results of the research, the author develops several circumstances to be proved in the course of investigation of the laws and customs of war as separate but related to other elements of the object of proof, namely: lawful combatants, combatant's immunity; territorial and time limits of international humanitarian law; legitimate purpose, military necessity. Their content, evidentiary value, and relationship are covered
Adnotacja. W artykule, na podstawie wyników analizy źródeł naukowych, przepisów obowiązującego Kodeksu Postępowania Karnego Ukrainy i praktyki jego stosowania, procesowego prawa karnego poszczególnych krajów zagranicznych, badane są problematyczne kwestie formy proceduralnej obdukcji jako środka dowodowego w postępowaniu karnym. Należy zauważyć, że wyniki analizy przepisów obowiązującego prawa postępowania karnego Ukrainy i praktyki jego stosowania wskazują na niedoskonałość formy proceduralnej przeprowadzenia obdukcji jako sposobu uzyskania dowodów lub weryfikacji już otrzymanych dowodów, co negatywnie wpływa na osiągnięcie celu dowodu w postępowaniu karnym i zapewnienie skuteczności postępowania przygotowawczego. Uzasadnia się konieczność przeprowadzenia badania na podstawie postanowienia śledczego, detektywa w przypadku dobrowolnej zgody osoby, a przymusowej obdukcji -na podstawie postanowienia prokuratora. Proponuje się dostarczenie kopii protokołu osobie podlegającej obdukcji nie tylko w przypadku przymusowej obdukcji, jak określono teraz w ust. 5 art. 241 Kodeksu Postępowania Karnego Ukrainy, ale także w przypadku obdukcji za jej dobrowolną zgodą.Słowa kluczowe: obdukcja, uzyskanie dowodów, śledczy, detektyw, prokurator, postępowanie przygotowawcze, środek dowodowy w postępowaniu karnym.
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