Gas emissions levels of NO, NO2, SO2, CO, and CO2 from commonly used domestic fuel wood were investigated using Carbolite Muffler Furnace equipped with gas probes. Results after analysis showed gas levels in ppm in the range 0.1–29.6 for NO, 0.1–10.0 for NO2, 1.2–21.0 for SO2, 0–0.2 for CO, and 90–560 for CO2. Analysis of the resulting wood ash showed metal levels in gkg-1 in the range 2.16–10.37 for Ca, 0.29–1.58 for Mg, 1.04–3.53 for Zn, and 0.24–0.84 for Al. Compared to the recommended short term exposure limits, the observed gas levels of SO2 and NO2 indicate environmentally unfriendly nature of some of the commonly used domestic fuel wood and the possible risk of respiratory, pulmonary and carcinogenic diseases that could be associated with their regular usage. The wood ash composition suggests it could serve a friendly utilization as soil additive for agricultural purposes for soils whose compositions show deficiency of these metals.
Objectives: Complication of obstetric fistula is the formation of bladder stones which rarely occur in Vagina-Vesico Fistula (VVF) patients. In this study, the metal and organic characterization of bladder stones removed between 2010-2019 from vesicovaginal fistula patients managed at the National Obstetric Fistula Centre (NOFIC), Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, Nigeria were carried out. Methods: The solubility of the bladder stones in different solvents were investigated and metal compositions were determined using Inductively Coupled Plasma- Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OESS). The qualitative chemical composition was determined following standard procedures while the structural chemical characterization and functional groups were determined using the Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) and Fourier-Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Results: Distilled water and aqueous solvent chloroform extract of W. lateritia demonstrated significant capacity to dissolve bladder stones in-vitro. Chemical compounds identified include uric acid, oxalate, cysteine, and phosphate from the bladder stones. The metals found in the bladder stones were: Ca, Na, Cu, Zn, Mg, B, Pb, and Al. Trace elements can influence the external morphology of growing crystals and may increase or decrease the speed of the crystallization process. The GC-MS revealed the presence of the following compounds: methyl 2-Hydroxyethyl sulfoxide; methylene chloride; mercaptamine;1,1diethoxy, dichloroactealdehyde; Cyclopentasiloxane; monoammonium salt; di-Allo-Cystathionine; dichloroacetaldehyde; 2-(2Furyl)-2,5-dimethyltetrahydrofuran; Methenamine; 1,1-Difluoro-1-sila-5-thiacyclooctane; Triacetonetriperoxde; 4-Aminosalicylic acid, 3-Trimethylsilyl (3TMS) derivative;Pentanethiol; and 2,5-Bis-(5-hexyl-[1,3,2]dioxaborinan-2-yloxy)-benzene. FTIR revealed the following: hydroxyl, carboxylic, ester, aromatic, and aliphatic groups, confirming the compounds identified. Conclusion: Metals (Mg, Ca, Pb, etc), organic metabolites (oxalate, cystine, uric acid, phosphate, methenamine, methylene chloride, 4-Aminosalicylic acid, 3-Trimethylsilyl, etc) were found in the bladder stones.
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