Relevance. The most common and most mastered method of growing onions, used in the middle zone of the Russian Federation, as well as in the northern part of European countries, is the cultivation of turnip onions from onion. It is believed that this method provides 75% of the production of the entire onion harvest. Due to the sharp increase in the prices of energy carriers, fertilizers, pesticides and agricultural machinery, the production of sharp varieties of onions, grown in the crop, has become unprofitable, and marketable products have lost competitiveness due to high costs. Significant changes in the reduction of labor costs can be achieved by improving the technology and technical means for the production of onions, creating conditions for their work. The effectiveness of designs for sowing seeds of onions, onion sets and planting onions-uterus is determined by the uniform distribution of the bulbs by area of nutrition, depth and their embedding.Results. The material presented in the work is devoted to the analysis of designs and some results of studies of a complex of machines for the production of onions developed in the Penza GAU.
Sugar beets are the only source of sugar in Russia. The use of new highly productive varieties and hybrids of sugar beet with high sugar content can significantly increase sugar production. To ensure the country’s food security in sugar production and reduce import dependence on sugar beet seeds, the strategic task is to resume domestic selection of sugar beets and provide it with beet seeds for the country. One of the factors restraining the development of domestic selection and seed production is the physically and morally obsolete technical base of selection and seed-growing institutes, centers and farms. In the selection of sugar beets, non-transplanting, planting and transplanting (plug-in) methods for producing sugar beet seeds are used. Of great practical interest is the introduction of the plug-in method for producing seeds, in which thickened sugar beet crops are created, due to which the optimal specific yield of uterine root crops is ensured, the area of arable land is most effectively used and the cost of seed production is reduced. Moreover, in the struggle for light, moisture and nutrients, the most powerful biotypes survive. The analysis of machines for selection and seed production shows that commercially available machines in our country do not meet the requirements of the technology for producing sugar beet seeds using the plug-in method. It is necessary to create and implement specialized machines, such as bed-forming mills, seeders for creating a thickened sowing, machines for minting seed plants and removing pollinators. The lines used for sorting the plugs require additional manual selection of root crops and rejection of damaged, rotten or infected plugs. Machines for landing plugs require the use of monotonous manual labor. It is promising to conduct research in the direction of automating the processes of cleaning, sorting and planting of plugs, minting testes, and eliminating manual labor during these operations.
The paper considers the design and operation of the experimental mini potato planter for small-scale farms (private subsidiary farms – PSF). It presents the results of field studies of experimental potato planter in field conditions. The paper also describes probabilistic curves of potato tubers distribution in a furrow depending on motion speed and design parameters of tubers speed damper.
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