Turkey have been trying to decrease pesticide residues in vegetables and fruits. There is firstly a growing desire to reduce pesticide usage in vineyards to decrease the risk of pesticide residues. Today, farm-level costs include the costs of the pesticides, and their application. This study was conducted to analyse the farmlevel economics of pesticide use on grape growing in a selected regions from Turkey. Data was collected from 72 grape farmers. According to results of the study, the variable and total costs per hectare for grape production is 3,497.85 $/ha and 4,923.35 $/ha, respectively. The biggest share for total costs are pesticide (19.88%), land rent (19.66%), fertilizer (11.56%) and irrigation (11.31%). However, these figures can change depending on the climatic conditions and variation in input prices each year. According to the results of this study, average costs for pests and average grape price were $978.70/ha and $0.32/kg, respectively. Therefore, break-even yield was calculated to be 3,058.44 kg/ha.
235After the collapse of the Brettonwood system in 1973, most of the countries have abandoned to use solely the fixed exchange rate regime, and different countries have adapted different exchange rate regimes. Then, the impact of both the exchange rate level and the exchange rate volatility or variability especially on exports, the bilateral trade flows and the volumes of trade have been empirically and theoretically discussed.A large number of studies examine both the effect of the exchange rate and its volatility on agricultural trade. However, no consensus was reached yet on the relationship between the exchange rate and agricultural trade. As discussed in the literature, it is important to use disaggregated data and/or data on the individual commodities to get more meaningful results on the size and magnitude of the effects of the real exchange rates on agricultural commodities trade. (Awokuse and Yuan 2006;Byrne et al. 2008;Bahmani-Oskooee and Hegerty 2009;Karemera et al. 2011). Byrne et al. (2008) discuss the possibility of finding a negative effect of the exchange rate volatility on trade by pooling the data of all industries together, and claim that the disaggregation of the data such as firm, industry or commodity level could provide more appropriate and meaningful results. Considering the individual sectors and/or commodities is vitally important to understand the exact nature of the relation and to further tailor effective policy measures based on these fine results. Thus, we investigate the relationship between the real exchange rates and several of the most important Turkish agricultural commodities. They represent almost a quarter of the overall Turkish agricultural exports. LITERATURE REVIEWA number of studies ( Hooper and Kohlhagen 1978;Arize et al. 2008;Kafle and Kennedy 2012) argue that the exchange rate volatility can have a negative effect on the international trade flows, either directly through the uncertainty and adjustment costs or indirectly through its effect on the allocation of resources and government policies. The volatile nature of exchange rates has always led risk-averse traders to reduce their trading activities ultimately reducing the international trade flows. However, Arize et al. Abstract: Th is study investigates the eff ect of the exchange rate volatility and the real exchange rate on the bilateral agricultural exports fl ows of Turkey to 46 countries. A panel data set, which contains 46 cross-sections and 1840 observations, is used for exports of the selected agricultural commodities to countries from 1971 to 2010. Our empirical results based on a gravity equation show that while the exchange rate volatility does not exert a signifi cant eff ect on the Turkish agricultural commodity exports, the real exchange rate has a statistically signifi cant eff ect on the agricultural commodity export fl ows. Regardless of the region chosen, raisins and tobacco exports are very much sensitive to the real exchange rates. It means that any depreciation in the Turkish Lira leads to hig...
Incentives are the instruments of economic policy followed by decision makers and governments to eliminate regional imbalances and for the country's well-being in developed and developing countries for a long time. State can provide investment through incentives to places will not do with own budget by using the facilities of private sector investment. The aim of this study is to examine the effect on employment of the investment incentive certificates and fixed investments using panel regression model for 81 provinces in Turkey in 2001-2012. According to analysis results, the effect on employment of the investment incentives and fixed investments is statistically significant and positive.
Amaç: Döviz kurlarında son dönemlerde yaşanan aşırı dalgalanmalar, dış ticarette döviz kuru oynaklığının incelenmesini önemli hale getirmiştir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, 2013:01-2021:08 döneminde farklı ekonomik konjonktürler açısından reel efektif döviz kuru oynaklığının tarımsal dış ticaret üzerindeki asimetrik etkisini ortaya koymaktır. Tasarım/metodoloji/yaklaşım: Döviz kuru oynaklığını ölçmek amacıyla ARMA(1,0)-EGARCH(1,1) modelinden yararlanılmıştır. Döviz kuru oynaklığının dış ticaret etkisi üzerindeki etkisi MSIAH modeli ile incelenmiştir. Bulgular: Elde edilen sonuçlara göre, reel döviz kuru oynaklığının dış ticaret üzerindeki etkisinin ekonomik genişleme ve daralma rejimleri açısından farklılık gösterdiği, ekonomik genişleme rejiminde reel döviz kuru oynaklığının ithalatı arttırıcı bir etki yarattığı ortaya konulmuştur. Özgünlük/Değer: Çalışma, son dönemde tarımsal sorunlara daha fazla dikkat çekilmesi, özellikle kur ekseninde tarımsal dış ticarete yönelik sorunların çözümüne katkı sağlanması beklenmektedir.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.