637former to the latter, denoted by R, was determined when the factors enumerated above were varied.Experiment shows that this ratio remains constant for pressures varying from 5 to 70 atmospheres, when air, oxygen or carbon dioxide is used in the chamber. This is in accord with the preliminary results 1 obtained with pressures varying from 10 to 50 atmospheres.R is independent of the volume of the chamber within the limits of the volume available in the chamber used. The volume was varied by a factor of four. It is also of interest to note that the shape of the ionization chamber seems to have no effect upon the ionization current per unit volume.The effect of temperature upon the ionization by gamma-rays has been reported. 1 We were interested in finding whether temperature was a factor in the case of ionization produced by cosmic rays. The chamber was subjected to various temperatures, while the batteries and other parts, by means of which temperature might cause a change in the sensitivity of the electrometer, were kept at a constant temperature. It was found that, within experimental error, R remained constant. Separate tests showed temperature to be a factor in each case. Hence, the temperature coefficient is the same for cosmic as for gammarays.It is hard to interpret the results when dif-Following a suggestion of Professor Van Vleck, we have investigated the influence of electric fields of different symmetries 1 on the paramagnetic susceptibilities of atoms in crystals. Experimentally, the susceptibility can often be represented by the Curie-Weiss law X -C/(r+A), provided the temperature is not too low. We find that if the energy levels are all either high or low compared with kT then the rigorous expansion for the susceptibility averaged over all directions is of the form x = G/r+CVr 3 + • • • , the term in 1/r 2 being absent. This means that if we measure the susceptibility of a crystal powder and plot 1/x against T, the curve tends to an asymptote passing through the origin and not through the point (0, -A). At lower temperatures it is necessary to use exact expressions and it is found that the susceptibility may simulate the law x -c/(T+A) over a wide range of temperature. This is the case, for example, with ferent liners are used. This is complicated by several factors, of which local radiation due to contaminations of the liners is difficult to determine. There is a variation of R after corrections are made for absorption. Further work is in progress on this point.At present the value of R is being determined for applied chamber voltages varying from 6 to 450 volts over the same range of pressures used when the effect of pressure was being studied. It is hoped that this may help to determine whether saturation with pressure is due to the rate of recombination of ions becoming equal to that of diffusion 1 or to the complete absorption 2 by the gas of the betaparticles ejected from the walls of the ionization chamber.These results indicate the process of ionization is the same for cosmic as for gamma...
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