The one-dimensional thermodynamic model of evolution of hummock formation described. The relative speeds of freezing and melting of a hummock were calculated in the framework of the suggested model. Comparisons of model results with the analogous characteristics of flat sea ice were carried out. It is found that the results obtained agree well with data of field investigations in the Barents Sea.The sea ice cover of the Arctic Basin is not morphologically homogeneous. It represents a set of ice floes of various ages, thicknesses, sizes, and forms. A characteristic feature of a natural sea ice cover is the hummocks formed as a result of pieces of broken ice squeezed out under water or on the ice surface. Interest in research of hummocks is caused by design investigations started in recent years in areas of oil and gas fields on the shelf of the Arctic seas, because hummocks pose a real threat to pipelines on the bottom of the Arctic seas and to oil and gas extraction platforms. A number of original works devoted to thermodynamic modeling of the evolution of hummock formations [5, 7-9] have appeared recently. However, the question about thermodynamic modeling of the hummock evolution is not yet solved. Completely it is connected with a number of objective factors, in particular, with the absence of the generally accepted scheme of hummock formation and a different interpretation of some definitions of hummocks, such as the coefficient of filling and the thickness of the consolidated layer. In the paper, an attempt has been made to create a simple one-dimensional thermodynamic model of hummock formation with the application of the most frequently used principles and parameters of hummock description. Interest in the development of a correct one-dimensional thermodynamic model of hummock evolution is also connected with the fact that it is easy to use such a model in coupled dynamic-thermodynamic models of sea ice cover and, thus, to increase the quality of calculations with these models.For numerical estimation of freeze-up of the newly formed hummock and its subsequent melting, we use a simplified geometric model of crosssection of a hummock, suggested in [3], where data of instrumental observations on fast ice were analyzed. This scheme allows using a one-dimensional approach to calculation of freezing and melting of hummocks, the application of which is justified in a number of works [3,[5][6][7]9]. It is necessary to note that the sail of a hummock in the suggested model is a nonuniform structure consisting of ice pieces and air spaces. It is necessary to note that these air spaces are isolated and are not connected in any way to the atmosphere. Thus, the sail is the porous environment consisting of sea ice and air. The quantity of air inclusions is characterized by the filling coefficient representing the ratio of volume filled with ice to the total volume of hummock sail.The keel filling coefficient is defined in the same way with the only difference that the keel consist of ice pieces and the sea water fillin...
The FSBI AARI is the leading State Scientific Center of Russia, which is involved in studying the natural environment of the Polar Regions and its impact on human activity for over a century. In the last 30 years, the new sphere of activity, dealing with the specialized metocean (including ice) surveys for the purpose of Arctic Offshore Development was successfully developed here. For the most important Arctic Offshore projects the full set of these specialized studies was conducted by the Institution. The paper gives an overview of AARI’s scientific and applied scope and tasks, a general chronology of the surveys on the Russian Arctic Shelf since 1990-s, a description of the main study methods, and an overview of the main results of studies for the last ten years (2012-2021). It is demonstrated that the role of detailed ice and metocean surveys is often determinative in sense of design and construction of Arctic Offshore objects.
The problem of the solar radiation heat assimilation in the stratum of the ice hummock sail is considered within the frameworks of the problem of quantitative description of hummocky formation evolution. The technique of experimental investigations and the measuring means are described. The results are given of observations on the solar radiation weakening in the stratum of ice hummocks and level ice carried out at the North Pole-35 drifting station and during the Arctic-2008 expedition on board the scientific-research vessel Akademik Fedorov. It is demonstrated that the ice hummock sail stratum assimilates 20-50% of solar radiation more than the level sea ice. The possible explanation of this phenomenon is proposed based on morphometric peculiarities of ice hummock formation.
It is demonstrated within the frameworks of the analysis of determination methods of snowice cover reflectance that the problem of the measurement technique of hummocky formation albedo has not been studied enough. The results of in situ experiments carried out on the Arctic sea ice are presented. The results of ice hummock albedo measurements using different techniques are discussed. The need to organize the special experimental research for the development of practical recommendations for estimating the hummocky formation albedo is declared.
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