Data of echocardiographic characteristics of 59 children 10-11 years old, involved in football is presented in article. Depending on the duration of sports activities the children were divided into 3 groups: group 1 -children who play football up to 3 years (24 children), Group 2 -children who play football from 3 to 5 years (23 children), Group 3 -training duration over 5 years (12 children). It was found that the linear size of the heart was not significantly different in the groups studied, which may indicate that myocardial remodeling as cardiac adaptation to sporting loads takes more time. It was revealed that more trained children (group 3) have significantly higher left ventricular ejection fraction compared with group 1 (p = 0.05) and Group 2 (p = 0.0051).
Changes in cardiorespiratory complex of adult athletes are the subject of scientific researches. However, there is a lack of researches that would assess such changes in children and adolescents involved in intensive physical training. The purpose of the study was to evaluate functional and morphological changes of cardiovascular and respiratory systems in boys of primary school age engaged in football. Materials and methods. 109 male children aged 10-11 years were enrolled in the study, among which 81 children have been attending sports football schools, 28 children didn’t have regular physical activity. The study design included a general clinical examination, a spirometry, the condition of cardiovascular system was assessed with echocardiography, and ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM). Results. The boys 10-11 years of age who play sports have higher values of minute respiratory volume and cardiac indices, which may support the hypothesis of the myocardial hypertrophy development, although they correspond to normal Z-score values. According to ABPM results the duration of physical activity may influence on transition from vasodilation to vasoconstriction. Conclusions. We obtained statistically significant quantitative differences in the functional state of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems in children-athletes. The changes found in young athletes may result to further supervision of a pediatric cardiologist, but decision should be made individually.
Against the background of intensifying competition in the international arena, the demands placed on female athletes in rhythmic gymnastics are growing, which requires the formation of female athletes' ability to self-control and self-regulation. The purpose of the article is to substantiate and develop an algorithm for optimizing the pre-start condition of young gymnasts at the stage of preliminary basic training. Research methods: analysis, systematization and generalization of data of scientific literature, methods of assessment of Spielberger-Khanin situational anxiety, statistical analysis. The study involved 10 gymnasts who train at the stage of basic preliminary training (8-12 years), who took part in the International Competition "Dmitrash Cup 2021". Result. It is proved that the average assessment of situational anxiety of young gymnasts in the pre-competition period is statistically significant (p <0.05) increases from 19.3 to 35.1 points. The most effective in the training process of gymnasts at the stage of initial basic training methods and techniques to combat the state of pre-start overstrain: psychological and pedagogical, hardware means of influence, methods of relaxation and mobilization and psychophysiological influences. An algorithm for optimizing the pre-start state of female athletes in rhythmic gymnastics at the initial stage of basic training, namely the establishment of the type of temperament of the athlete, the diagnosis of her pre-start state, the application of methods of regulation of pre-start states. The prospect of further research is the development of methods for optimizing the pre-start condition of athletes in rhythmic gymnastics and the formation of their skills of self-regulation in the training process at the stage of initial basic training.
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