This statement proposes recommendations toward increasing the practice of breast feeding. Specific recommendations made for standards of infant formulas as to calorie, protein, fat, vitamin, and mineral levels apply to both milk-based and milk-substitute infant formulas. Such formulas, when used in place of breast-feeding, must supply most or all of the nutrients infants require during the first weeks or months of life.
The minimum levels of nutrients per 100 kcal recommended for formulas provide good growth and development in healthy, full-term infants; distinct hazards may be encountered at levels below these. However, no significant advantage is to be gained by providing levels in excess of these minima in normal infants. Recommendations for maximum levels are made only where quantities in excess lead to toxicity; generally, levels near the minima recommended are most desirable because they are the most likely to reflect the composition of human milk, and the least likely to result in any undesirable nutrient to nutrient interaction.
The recommendations also can be used as reference standards for formulas for special dietary uses of "medical" formulas. The Committee recommends that "medical" formulas be classified by FDA into a special group under the paragraph dealing with infant formulas.
Pancreatectomy in the rat, sufficient to induce severe diabetes, is without practical effect on the absorption of the nutrients of purified diets. Attempts to reduce the contribution of small residual fragments of pancreas revealed that the rat is capable of normal or near normal digestion with less than 1% of the contribution of its exocrine pancreas. The ability of the duct-ligated rat to re-establish exocrine flow was demonstrated, and a procedure was developed to circumvent this adaptation. This produced rats with highly variable abilities to absorb nutrients. The intestine is implicated as a major factor determining the ability of an animal to absorb nutrients in the absence of pancreatic exocrine secretions.
Published with the permission of the Director of the Wisconsin Agricultural Experiment Station.The Ca-P ratio in cows milk as well as the milk of other mammals is approximately 1 :.65. It has been found by Simmonds 1 that the optimum amounts of calcium and phosphorus for the rat are approximately .65 gram of calcium and .40 gram of phosphorus per 100 grams of food mixture. These proportions give a Ca-P ratio of 1 :.62, a ratio quite similar to that found in milk. Because of the ideal character of milk as a food for the young, and because of the results secured by Simmonds, this ratio has been emphasized as the most suitable one in ration construction for the rat and possibly other mammals.In the hen's egg-exclusive of shell-the Ca-P ratio is very different from that of milk and shows a preponderance of phosphorus over calcium. The ratio is 1:2.77. These figures are based on analyses of the combined white and yolk of the egg, but do not include the shell. It was of interest to us to determine the change in the Ca-P ratio during the incubation of the egg as a means of throwing light on the possible variation that may exist in such ratios in normal living tissues.For this purpose eggs were selected from hens of identical feeding. The ration of the hens was a complex grain mixture fed as mash and scratch, supplemented with skim milk and fortified with cod liver oil and winter sunshine. Before placing the eggs in the incubator, five of them were taken for an initial determination of the calcium and phosphorus content of the combined white and yolk. For this determination the white and yolk were mixed and dried, the membrane lining the shell being included in the analyzed material. A sufficient number of the eggs was 296 at Northern Arizona University on June 7, 2015 http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ Downloaded from POULTRY SCIENCE
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