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obtained from the operating theatre database. Patients were divided by indication (retention/ LUTS). Clinical data and histology reports were then reviewed and bivariate and logistic regression used to compare the pathological features between these groups. RESULTSOf 406 patients, 374 had evaluable data; 70% of men with urinary retention had ACI, vs 45% of those with LUTS ( P < 0.001). On logistic regression, the pathological factors associated with TURP for acute retention compared to that for LUTS were ACI, old age, and resection weight to a lesser degree. CONCLUSIONInflammation appears to be important in the pathogenesis and progression of BPH. In this study, the risk of urinary retention due to BPH was significantly greater in men with ACI than in those without, and the association of TURP for retention with ACI was stronger than that with prostate weight. This finding might offer new avenues for the medical treatment of men with LUTS due to BPH.

We developed a new model of partial urethral obstruction using the guinea pig. We placed jeweler's jump rings loosely around the proximal urethra of immature guinea pigs and allowed the obstruction to develop gradually as the animal grew. After four or eight weeks of obstruction, we studied the filling and emptying characteristics of the bladder during continuous repetitive cycling under urethane anesthesia. Following this examination, bladders were removed and weighed. Wet weight was compared to urodynamic findings. We identified four abnormal urodynamic patterns: high pressure voiding, instability, poor compliance and decompensation. All obstructed bladders showed weight gain associated with muscle hypertrophy, but the degree of weight gain was different for each of the various urodynamic categories. High pressure voiding was associated with the least weight gain, whereas instability and decompensation showed the most weight gain. The results are consistent with a thesis that partial urethral outlet obstruction in the guinea pig gives rise to several distinct forms of abnormal voiding characterized by high pressure in the early stages, and progressing to more advanced forms of dysfunction characterized by instability and decompensation in the later stages.

The discovery of prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) was beset with controversy; as PSA is present in prostatic tissue and semen, it was independently discovered and given different names, thus adding to the controversy. In this review we document the early research in this field to describe the chronology of the discovery of PSA. Using a comprehensive Medline search of the historical aspects of PSA, all relevant papers were reviewed; communication with the scientists involved in the discovery of PSA was an invaluable contribution. In 1960, Flocks was the first to experiment with antigens in the prostate and 10 years later Ablin reported the presence of precipitation antigens in the prostate. In 1971, Hara characterized a unique protein in the semen fluid, γ‐seminoprotein. Li and Beling, in 1973, isolated a protein, E1, from human semen in an attempt to find a novel method to achieve fertility control. In 1978, Sensabaugh identified semen‐specific protein p30, but proved that it was similar to E1 protein, and that prostate was the source. In 1979, Wang purified a tissue‐specific antigen from the prostate (‘prostate antigen’). PSA was first measured quantitatively in the blood by Papsidero in 1980, and Stamey carried out the initial work on the clinical use of PSA as a marker of prostate cancer. Thus the discovery of PSA is interesting and surrounded by controversy. Although the credit for purifying PSA goes to Wang, other eminent scientists published research on this antigen. The initial work on PSA in semen was to asses its properties as a forensic marker for rape victims, but soon its potential as a marker for prostate cancer became evident.

motivation to convert presentations to publications before and after their appointment to SpR training. RESULTSIn July 2004, 142 of 449 abstracts presented at BAUS 2001 and 2002 were published, giving a publication rate of ≈ 42% on KaplanMeier analysis. The rate of publication appeared to continue to the end of the period of searching for publications. The publication rate arising from UK presentations was lower than that from the non-UK presentations (hazard ratio 0.75, 95% confidence interval 0.49-1.15, P = 0.14). Publication rates from podium and poster presentations were similar. Urology journals accounted for 75% of the publications. Of the SpRs evaluated, 83% did research and presented papers to obtain a training number rather than because of an inherent interest to pursue an academic career. CONCLUSIONSThe conversion rate from BAUS presentation to peer-reviewed publication at 36 months was similar on Kaplan-Meier analysis to that of the American Urological Association (AUA, 38%). Interestingly, the rate of publication from the AUA seems to be faster than from BAUS. In addition, presentations from outside the UK appeared to be published faster than those from the UK. Delegates attending these conferences need to consider this when deciding whether a particular presentation will influence their practice. British urology requires academics who are interested in pursuing high-quality research, and which is presented at major conferences with an intention to publish it in peer-reviewed journals.