This study analyzed the effect of contract farming on food security of poultry households in Osun State, Nigeria. Primary data were used for the study and two stage sampling technique was used in selecting 180 households comprising of 90 contract and 90 non-contract farming households. A structured questionnaire was used for the purpose of extracting needed information from the farmers. Data were analyzed using Food Security Index, Propensity Score Matching and Likert scale. The results showed that the contract farming households were more food secured (76.9%) than the non-contract farming households (46.8%). The effect of contract farming on the households that participated shows that the calorie intake increased (p < 0.05) on the average by 1047 kCal/AE/day. This shows that the program has positive impact on the Target Group. The constraints to contract farming in the study area includes: Deferred payment on the part of contract firm, no reimbursement in case of production failure, bridge of agreement, biased terms, cheating, high defaulting rate. The study therefore recommends that there should be interest payment for delay in payment to farmers as part of the agreement to curb the issue of intentional delay of payment by the contracting firms and that agreement on risk sharing in case of failures inproduction should be included in the agreements so as to protect the farmer from being too vulnerable.
This study examines the factors that affect farmer's participation and loan repayment of Osun Rural Enterprise and Agricultural Program (OREAP) micro credit scheme introduced by the government in Osun State. Respondents were proportionately selected from the three (3) Agricultural Development Zones in Osun State. A three-stage sampling technique was used to proportionately draw 90 beneficiaries and 90 nonbeneficiaries from the three agro-ecological zones of the state. Logit regression and ordinary least square model were used to analyze the data. The results showed that Participation in OREAP is significantly affected by gender, marital status, household size, educational status, farm size, farm income, access to extension service and membership in cooperative society. The results also revealed that education, farm income, size of loan granted, and number of loan disbursement are significantly associated with the time it took the respondents to pay back the loan. The farmer's inability to market their produce, risk and fluctuations in farm yield and uncooperative attitudes of other beneficiaries were the constraints faced by farmers as it affect their ability to repay the loan obtained through the program. The study concluded that the activities of OREAP had not been properly carried out in the study area as a result of the problems encountered by beneficiaries in obtaining and repayment of the loan. The research therefore, recommends that government and other agricultural agencies should encourage farmers to go into value additions of theirproduce as this will reduce gloat in the market and wastage of farm produce thereby enabling farmers to be able to repay the loan obtained for their agricultural activities.
In this paper, we present results of $\omega$-order preserving partial contraction mapping creating a continuous time Markov semigroup. We use Markov and irreducible operators and their integer powers to describe the evolution of a random system whose state changes at integer times, or whose state is only inspected at integer times. We concluded that a linear operator $P:\ell^{1}(X_+)\rightarrow \ell^{1}(X_+)$ is a Markov operator if its matrix satisfies $P_{x,y}\geqslant 0$ and $\sum_{x\in X_+}P_{x,y=1}$ for all $y\in X$.
This paper consists of the results about \(\omega\)-order preserving partial contraction mapping using perturbation theory to generate a one-parameter semigroup. We show that adding a bounded linear operator \(B\) to an infinitesimal generator \(A\) of a semigroup of the linear operator does not destroy A's property. Furthermore, \(A\) is the generator of a one-parameter semigroup, and \(B\) is a small perturbation so that \(A+B\) is also the generator of a one-parameter semigroup.
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